STUFF TO BRAIN

TIME TRAVEL

2009-12-08T02:17:00.001-08:00

TIME TRAVEL

Time travel is the concept of traveling forward and backward to different points in time, much as we do through space.
Unsolved problems in physics: Is time travel theoretically possible? Is it practically possible? If so, what are we to make of the time travel paradoxes, such as going back in time and killing one's own grandfather, etc.?
Humans are in fact always traveling in time in a linear fashion, from the present to the immediate future, inexorably, until death.
Some theories are predicated on the fact that we move forward in time, and both forward and backward in space. Since time and space have been shown to be intrinsically linked, travelling forwards and backwards through time is not a theoretical impossibility.
Currently, traveling at speeds approaching the speed of light can cause time dilation, the effects of which cause the individual traveling to pass through time more slowly. From the perspective of the traveler, external time would be going much faster, causing the traveler, upon stopping, to arrive at a place farther in the future.
Often it is a plot device used in science fiction and many movies and television shows to set a character in a particular time not their own, and

explore the character's interaction with the people and technology of that time - as a kind of culture shock.
Other ramifications explored are change and reactions to it, parallel universes, and alternative history where some little event took place or didn't take place, but causes large changes in the future.
In physics, the concept of time travel has been often used to examine the consequences of physical theories such as special relativity, general relativity and quantum mechanics.
There is no experimental evidence of time travel, and it is not even

well understood whether (let alone how) the current physical theories permit any kind of time travel. Although theories do exist about the possiblity of folding time to hop from one point to another.

Physics

Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity (and, by extension, the General Theory) very explicitly permits a kind of time dilation that would ordinarily be called time travel. The theory holds that, relative to a stationary observer, time appears to pass more slowly for faster-moving bodies: for example, a moving clock will appear to run slow; as a clock approaches the speed of light its hands will appear to nearly stop moving. However, this effect allows "time travel" only toward the future: never backward. It is not typical of science ficti

on, and there is little doubt surrounding its existence; "time travel" will hereafter refer to travel with some degree of freedom into the past or future.
Many in the scientific community believe that time travel is highly unlikely. This belief is largely due to Occam's Razor. Any theory which would allow time travel would require that issues of causality be resolved. What happens if you try to go back in time and kill your grandfather. Also, in the absence of any experimental evidence that time travel exists, it is theoretically simpler to assume that it does not happen. Indeed, Stephen Hawking once suggested that the absence of tourists from the future constitutes a strong argument against the existence of time travel - a variant of the Fermi paradox, with time travelers instead of alien visitors. However, assuming that time travel cannot happen is also interesting to physicists because it opens up the question of why and what physical laws exist to prevent time travel from occurring.

The equivalence of time travel and faster-than-light travel

First of all, if one is able to move information from one point to another faster than light, then according to special relativity, there will be an observer who sees this information transfer as allowing information to travel into the past.
The General Theory of Relativity extends the Special Theory to cover gravity. It does this by postulating that matter "curves" the space in its vicinity. But under relativity, properties of space are fairly interchangeable with properties of time, depending on one's perspective, so that a curved path through space can wind up being a curved path through time. In moderate degrees, this allows two straight lines of different length to connect the same points in space; in extreme degrees, theoretically, it could allow timelines to curve around in a circle and reconnect with their own past.
General relativity describes the universe under a complex system of "field equations," and there exist solutions to these equations that permit what are called "closed time-like curves," and hence time travel into the past. The first and most famous of these was proposed by Kurt Gödel, but all known current examples require the universe to have physical characteristics that it does not appear to have. Whether general relativity forbids closed time-like curves for all realistic conditions is unknown. Most physicists believe that it does, largely because assuming some principle against time travel prevents paradoxical situations from occurring

A proposed time-travel machine using a wormhole would (hypothetically) work something like this: A wormhole is created somehow. One end of the wormhole is accelerated to nearly the speed of light, perhaps with an advanced spaceship, and then brought back to the point of origin. Due to time dilation, the accelerated end of the wormhole has now experienced less subjective passage of time than the stationary end.
An object that goes into the stationary end would come out of the other end in the past relative to the time when it enters. One significant limitation of such a time machine is that it is only possible to go as far back in time as the initial creation of the machine; in essence, it is more of a path through time than it is a device that itself moves through time, and it would not allow the technology itself to be moved backwards in time.
This could provide an alternative explanation for Hawking's observation: a time machine will be built someday, but hasn't been built yet, so the tourists from the future can't reach this far back in time.
Creating a wormhole of a size useful for macroscopic spacecraft, keeping it stable, and moving one end of it around would require significant energy, many orders of magnitude more than the Sun can produce in its lifetime. Construction of a wormhole would also require the existence of a substance known as "exotic matter," or "negative matter", which, while not known to be impossible, is also not known to exist in forms useful for wormhole construction (but see for example the Casimir effect).
Therefore it is unlikely such a device will ever be constructed, even with highly advanced technology. On the other hand, microscopic wormholes could still be useful for sending information back in time.Matt Visser argued in 1993 that the two mouths of a wormhole with such an induced clock difference could not be brought together without inducing quantum field and gravitational effects that would either make the wormhole collapse or the two mouths repel each other. Because of this, the two mouths could not be brought close enough for causality violation to take place.
However, in a 1997 paper, Visser hypothesized that a complex "Roman ring" (named after Tom Roman) configuration of an N number of wormholes arranged in a symmetric polygon could still act as a time machine, although he concludes that this is more likely than not a flaw in classical quantum gravity theory rather than proof that causality violation is possible.

Using massive spinning cylinders

Another approach, developed by Frank Tipler, involves a spinning cylinder. If a cylinder is long, and dense, and spins fast enough about its long axis, then a spaceship flying around the cylinder on a spiral path could travel back in time (or forward, depending on the direction of its spiral). However, the density and speed required is so great that ordinary matter is not strong enough to construct it. A similar device might be built from a cosmic string, but none are known to exist, and it doesn't seem to be possible to create a new cosmic string.
Physicist Robert Forward noted that a naïve application of general relativity to quantum mechanics suggests another way to build a time machine. A heavy atomic nucleus in a strong magnetic field would elongate into a cylinder, whose density and "spin" are enough to build a time machine. Gamma rays projected at it might allow information (not matter) to be sent back in time. However, he pointed out that until we have a single theory combining relativity and quantum mechanics, we will have no idea whether such speculations are nonsense.

Using Quantum Entanglement

Quantum mechanical phenomena such as quantum teleportation, the EPR paradox, or quantum entanglement might appear to create a mechanism that allows for faster-than-light (FTL) communication or time travel, and in fact some interpretations of quantum mechanics such as the Bohm interpretation presumes that some information is being exchanged between particles instantaneously in order to maintain correlations between particles. This effect was referred to as "spooky action at a distance" by Einstein.
Nevertheless, the rules of quantum mechanics curiously appear to prevent an outsider from using these methods to actually transmit useful information, and therefore do not appear to allow for time travel or FTL communication. This misunderstanding seems to be widespread in popular press coverage of quantum teleportation experiments. The assumption that time travel or superluminal communications is impossible allows one to derive interesting results such as the no cloning theorem, and how the rules of quantum mechanics work to preserve causality is an active area of research.

The possibility of paradoxes
The Novikov self-consistency principle and recent calculations by Kip S. Thorne indicate that simple masses passing through time travel wormholes could never engender paradoxes - there are no initial conditions that lead to paradox once time travel is introduced. If his results can be generalized they would suggest, curiously, that none of the supposed paradoxes formulated in time travel stories can actually be formulated at a precise physical level: that is, that any situation you can set up in a time travel story turns out to permit many consistent solutions. The circumstances might, however, turn out to be almost unbelievably strange.
Parallel universes might provide a way out of paradoxes. Everett's many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics suggests that all possible quantum events can occur in mutually exclusive histories. These alternate, or parallel histories would form a branching tree symbolizing all possible outcomes of any interaction.
Since all possibilities exist, any paradoxes can be explained by having the paradoxical events happening in a different universe. This concept is most often used in science-fiction. However, in actuality, physicists believe that such interaction or interference between these histories is not possible.
Time travel and the anthropic principle
It has been suggested by physicists such as Max Tegmark that the absence of time travel and the existence of causality may be due to the anthropic principle. The argument is that a universe which allows for time travel and closed time-like loops is one in which intelligence could not evolve because it would be impossible for a being to sort events into a past and future or to make predictions or comprehend the world around them.
Note that this imposes no restriction on supernatural agents (e.g. God) which are not confined by the bounds of spacetime. See the next section for details.
Time Travel and Religion

Prophecy and theology

It is interesting to note that any religion which postulates the existence of fulfilled prophecy requires, at the very least, an agent which can move information from the future into the past.
In Christian theology, for example, God is assumed to exist unbound by space or time. Doctrinally, God is held to be omniscient and omnipresent. Statements in the Bible such as Jesus's claim "before Abraham was born, I am" (John 8:58) and Peter's claim "[Jesus] was chosen before the creation of the world" (1 Peter 1:20) (assuming the creation of the world began at t = 0) imply that God does not occupy the same timeline that we do. This is further supported by the assertion "I the LORD do not change" (Malachi 3:6), since change requires movement along, and constrained by, a temporal continuum.
Two popular interpretations of these statements are that God exists outside the space-time continuum; or exists at every point in space-time simultaneously. In either case, God can transfer information from one point in space-time to any other point without restriction.
Transcending time through ancient wisdom
The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali have been considered by some, such as physicist Fred Alan Wolf in his book, The Yoga of Time Travel to describe an inner process by which we can access knowledge of the past and future in the present. This form of time travel can be acquired by transcending the five Earthly anchors of the ego mind which otherwise leave us locked into the illusory self.
Time Travel in Fiction

Literature
H. G. Wells' The Time Machine is considered the literary masterpiece of the genre. Mark Twain's A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court is another early time travel classic.
Probably the most elaborate demonstrations of supposed time travel paradoxes are in Robert A. Heinlein's All You Zombies and By His Bootstraps.
One very well known time travel fiction writer is Jack Finney. His novels include Time and Again, From Time to Time, The Third Level, among others.
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban by J. K. Rowling features a time travel paradox as does the film version.
Michael Crichton's Timeline, in which characters travel to 14th century France, describes time travel in great detail, explaining the science of exactly how the time machine works. The book was made into a movie in 2004, with much of the science explanation missing.
- Continued Wikipedia

Articles in the News ...

Civil War Watch Stopped Suddenly; Sub End Still Unknown National Geographic - December 17, 2007
Time is running out - literally, says scientist Telegraph - December 20, 2007
Why Time Seems to Slow Down in Emergencies Live Science - December 12, 2007 In The Matrix, the hero Neo could dodge bullets because ...
Falling, Falling - Preception of time Live Science - December 12, 2007
Could Physicists Make A Time Machine? It All Depends On Curving Space-time Science Daily - August 23, 2007

New model 'permits time travel' BBC - June 17, 2005
Wormhole 'no use' for time travel BBC - May 23, 2005
Time Travel and Metaphysics

12 Around 1
Man has always sought a way to travel through time. We move through the loops of time as they spiral from reality to reality. By this is not a physical event more the movement of consciousness through a matrix of grid realities that has not boundaries. Reality is a virtual learning experience in which linear time is used to create programs of emotions.
Reality looks much like the Slinky Effect'
in which all experiences are happening simultaneously.
Reality is created by a consciousness program that we call source or god or whatever definition you wish to give to this creational energies. In third dimension, this source of white light projected a program in which it experiences - in which we all experience. the based was based on a geometry as all things in 3D follow the same patterns that merely repeat in patterns over and over and are called time.
From that consciousness - 12 pyramids of light burst forth surrounding that source creational consciousness.
The source created what you might call a programs of experience, which it projected - as in in rays of light - to the 12 pyramids. They in turn connect with each other and to the source (the Spider Web Effect).
They create a matrix, grid, hall of record, akashic record, in which the sources could experience.
The source created sparks of light made of the same 'matter' as itself, therefore all souls experience from the same source and remain connected to it.
The Matrix multiplies into an endless number of programs, based on sound, light and color frequencies. Everything is about energy and frequency brought forth in different realities of experience. The souls are now free to wander the grids as if within the slinky - experiencing in one or more places.
There is a reality called 'third dimension' which is near the bottom of the spiral. It is created by synchronicistic movements - as if the gears of of a watch - which work together to bring movement and reality.
Third dimension is created electromagnetic energies - meaning they have polarity - the positive and negative - opposites - duality - male/female - yin/yang, etc.
Third dimension - 3D - references pyramidal energies - 3. Time, and the apparent movement of time, is connected to the number 12 - which is 1+2 =3 - or third dimension.

If you take the shape to the pyramid -triangle and place a matching opposite on top so that their apexes touch, you have the hourglass.
This represents 'As is above, so is below.' Emerald Tablets of Thoth.HermesTrismegistus (three)
Three is the number that allows things to come manifest in physical expression - as you are combining sound, light and color frequencies to create a reality. To become invisible you remove one of these ingredients removing your experience from the concet of Time.
This is more easily understood when considering dreamtime, meditation, or remote viewing, in which the concept of Time no longer exists.
In our present timeline the concept of Time appears to most of us to be moving faster.
The 'gears' that create the illusion of time are breaking down - like gears on a watch slowing down as the battery that supplies their EM energies is running out.
If you view this as through the Slinky Effect - the bottom of the slinky is loosing its integrity, thus soul consciousness is moving out of third dimension into a higher spiral or loop.
As time slows down - it appears to us that it is escalating. The collapse of the synchronicity-time grids moves us into faster-higher moving frequencies - so time appears to move faster. If you feel time is 'fleeting' you are moving up the spiral of consciousness 'right on cue'.
Many of us are actually experiencing unexplained temporal anomalies - missing time - that has nothing to do with mind control, mental illness, nor alien abductions. those of us who work with Time - can see the the loops (hiccups) that occur all the time.
Time and physical reality are not fixed. They are static appearing fuild - oftne referred to as the collective flow of the unconscious mind.
Now the question arises - how do we - in third dimension - take out boides with us through physical space and time? Some say time travel can be accomplished by shifting one's conscious. Others say it can be done with a device of some kind.

The objective being - to consciously be aware of the experience and to be able to manipulate it at the physical level. This involves the study of Quantum Physics.
During World War II both the Nazis and the Americans experimented with time travel. The Philadelphia Experiment - originally an invisibility project - involved travel through both time and space. Supposedly a naval battle ship mved through time and space from 1943 - to 1983 - then back to 1943 - their 'point of origin' - yet in a fluid reality that 'point of orgin' must be compensated for as it changes. The results of the experiment were horrific.Personally, I know of no one who has successfully built a time machine that can take them back and forth through time - though I am sure it can be done. There are interdimensional portals / vortexes on the physical planet - particularly at the major grid points - where one can travel in time - but these are not controlled experiences. These grids points are based on the geometry of the planet and follow the same patterns as everything else in our current 3D Experience / Program. Example: The Bermuda Triangle.
Time - Clocks - Gears - Digits that repeat in patterns

Cycles of Time - Synchronicity - Sacred Geometry

UNBELIEVABLE FACTS

2009-09-24T04:09:00.000-07:00

UNBELIEVABLE FACTS

Egg City!

Can you make an egg stand on the other length-wise? No!! But this Man could!

Not a single egg! But he had made a complete city out of it. Unbelievable? Believe it..!

Dreadfull Sounds that can Paralyse or even Kill you!!!

Infrasonic souds that is the sounds below the audible frequency range of human. Waves of infrasound are invisible, but slam into living tissue and physical structures with great force. The sensation vibrates internal organs and buildings, flattening objects as the sonic wave strikes. At certain pitches, it can explode matter.

The most profound effects at infrasonic occur at 7 Hz "corresponds with the median alpha-rhythm frequencies of the brain. This is the resonant frequency of the body's organs and hence organ rupture and death can occur at high-intensity exposures. Natural explosions from volcanoes produce infrasonic waves. When Krakatoa exploded, lifting an entire island 100 miles into the air, windows were shattered 1,000 miles away from ground zero. The shock waves, affecting both earth and atmosphere, continued for hours. Explosives, such as atomic weapons, produce infrasound. Zone one is ground zero and its destruction. Zone 2 is a powerful, speeding, sonic wave of reduced air pressure. This concussion blast travels at great distances away from ground zero and few survive its destructive path. Note: Some authorities says that they are being used in modern weapons.

Hindus walking on fire ceremony

According to Hinduism: God Kataragama moves in strange ways. Out of pity for human suffering, often hearing “the sad music of humanity.” He appears as the youthful God of compassion. He takes the form of god of war when wicked Titans have to be destroyed; he takes the form of the holy child Muruka omnipresent at the service of his devotees. A day prior to the termination of the festival of God Kataragama fire walking ceremony takes place. Some devotees are inspired by the deity for an exhibition of divine power to walk on the glowing embers of fire. The inspiration comes to them as a yearning from within to join the band of fire-walkers. They bathe in the sacred waters of Menik Ganga (River of Gems) at dawn and as they step into the forty feet of fire track, without getting their feet burnt, to the amazement of the spectators.

Tree Goddess(Unbelievale Art work)

Seems Real?

Its a great work of Art!!! Isn't it???

World's Largest Tounge

World's Largest (Bones) Human Skeleton

Ok. That might be a slight exaggeration. I'm sure there are some dinosaur skeletons that are larger. But you have to admit... this is pretty darn big. Measuring over 55 feet long, this skeleton (made out of polystyrene and resin) was created by Algerian-born French artist Adel Abdessemed. It was last displayed at the St. Johannes Evangelist church in Berlin, Germany. Who knows where it will end up next?

A Very BIG Chair (world's largest chair)

An apt advertisement for Miller's Office Furniture in downtown Anniston, Alabama, this 33-foot chair was built in the 1980s and is said to trump numerous big chairs scattered across the planet.
This is one chair in which you don't want to lean too far back -- it might flatten a brick building!

Unbelievable Real Big Lock & key

Haji Javed Iqbal Khokhar from Gujranwala (Pakistan) 2003 made this big Lock n key himself. height: 3.505 m [11 1/2 ft], width: 1.37 m [14 1/2 ft], depth: 63.5 cm [25 in] weight: 1883 kg plus key weight of 120 kg

Unbelievable Long Nails(Longest fingernails)

Admit it, you’re obsessed with knowing who has the longest fingernails in the world. We are too! To our best knowledge, we have found the current world recorder holder for the longest fingernails to be Lee Redmond (USA). Ms. Redmond, who hasn’t cut her nails since 1979, has grown and carefully manicured them to reach a total length of 7 m 51.3 cm (24 ft 7.8 in). Measurements of each fingernail are below:
Right hand
Thumb
76.4 cm
30.1 in
Index finger
72.3 cm
28.5 in
Middle finger
74.1 cm
29.2 in
Ring finger
73.6 cm
29 in
Little finger
71.6 cm
28.2 in
Left Hand
Thumb
80 cm
31.5 in
Index finger
76.4 cm
30.1 in
Middle finger
76.7 cm
30.2 in
Ring finger
76.2 cm
30 in
Little finger
73.6 cm
29 inThe record holder for the longest fingernails before Lee Redmond was Shridhar Chillal. Cutting his nails in 2000, he had held the record for 20 years!

A very Old 24 Cents Jenny Stamp sells for $825,000

The rare 1918 24-cent stamp, depicting an upside-down Curtis JN-4 biplane known as "Jenny," was sold privately this week to a Wall Street executive who did not want to be identified.

Human face-like Tree

This is a picture of a tree whose branches are naturally arranged in such a way that it looks like a human face!

Animal's Love!

what a lovely scene ................

Man Passing Finger through Nostril out of his Eye!!

When i got this picture i myself was first not believing that it is real but then i checked it on several fake photo detecting softwares. And to my Surprise it is 100% real.

One of the most weird photos i have ever got.

Bite your nose!

Can you bite your nose with your own teeth? NO, ofcourse not!
But this man can.

HAIRIEST Man (Most Hairs on Face)

Victor "Larry" Ramos Gomez(shown in picture) and his brother Gabriel "Danny"(both Mexico) suffer from a rare condition characterized by excessive facial and bodily hair. They are two of a family of 19 that spans five generations, and all suffer from congentital generalized hypertrichosis.
window.google_render_ad();
The women are covered with a light to medium coat of hair, while the men of the family have thick hair on approximately 98% of the body except for the hands and feet.

Some unbelievable facts about ANIMALS

*a goldfish has a memory span of about 3 seconds.* Smart animal, huh!!

*A star fish has no heart* nice guy!!!

*Dolphins sleep with one eye open*

*Alligators can't move backwards*

*Penguins can jump 6 feet into the air*

*The population of chickens is about equal to the population of humans*

*A jellyfish is made up of 95% water*

*You are more likely to get stung by a bee on a windy day than any other weather*

*There are more plastic flamingoes in America than real ones*

*The spotted skunk does a handstand before he sprays you*

*Some ribbon worms will eat themselves if they can't find any food*

*Slugs have 4 noses*

*Owls are one of the only birds that can see the colour blue*

*Starfish is one of the few animals who can turn their stomach inside out*

*The elephant is one of the few animals that can't jump*

*Bats always turn left when exiting a cave*

*The praying mantis is the only insect that can turn it's head*

*In Tokyo, they sell toupees for dogs*

*On average, people fear spiders more than they do death*

*A snail can sleep for three years*

*A giraffe can clean it's ears with it's 21" tongue*
liked it! comment please.

Duck with FOUR LEGS

World's most TILTED building

A German church steeple has knocked the leaning tower of Pisa from the Guinness Book of Records as the world's most tilted building. The tower in the village of Suurhusen applied in June for the title and has now officially beaten the famous landmark in Pisa

Guinness Book of Records confirmed the award after officials measured it leaning at a 5.19degree angle compared to only 3.97 degree angle at which the tower of Pisa leans.

World's most Expensive Needle

Who would have ever thought that a single needle would fetch a jaw breaking price of up to $300,000. Willard Wigan is one of the few in the world that made it happen.

Indian Spacecraft to Moon The Chandrayan - 1

2008-10-28T07:22:00.000-07:00

Indian Spacecraft to Moon The Chandrayan - 1

India's historic maiden mission to the moon, Chandrayaan-I, launched early on Wednesday (today)22nd October 2008 morning at 6.22 am from the mission control room at Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh State, India. Exactly after 19 minutes of its take off from the second launch pad at SHAR, the spaceship separated from the launch vehicle, PSLV-C11, and was successfully placed in its orbit.
Chandrayaan-1 is a scientific investigation – by spacecraft – of the Moon.The name Chandrayaan means 'Chandra- Moon , Yaan-vehicle', –in Indian languages (Sanskrit and Hindi) , – the lunar spacecraft. Chandrayaan-1 is the first Indian planetary science and exploration mission.

The spacecraft bus is roughly a 1.5 meter cube with a dry weight of 523 kg. It is based on the Kalpansat meteorological satellite. It will also carry a 30 kg probe designed to be released from the spacecraft and penetrate the lunar surface
India’s first spacecraft will orbit the moon and survey its surface with high resolution equipment to produce a complete map of its chemical characteristics and its three dimensional topography. This is also expected to help find answers to questions about the moon’s origin.
This mission is aimed at high-resolution remote sensing of the moon in visible, near infrared(NIR), low energy X-rays and high-energy X-ray regions.
Specifically the objectives will be:
§ To prepare a three-dimensional atlas (with a high spatial and altitude resolution of 5-10m) of both near and far side of the moon.
§ To conduct chemical and mineralogical mapping of the entire lunar surface for distribution of elements such as Magnesium, Aluminum, Silicon, Calcium, Iron and
Titanium with a spatial resolution of about 25 km and high atomic number elements such as Radon, Uranium & Thorium with a spatial resolution of about 20 km.

This will be really a proud moment for ALL INDIAN when Chandrayaan-1 is successfully launched today.
For ISRO and knowing the efforts that have been put into this project, there is no doubt in my mind that it will be a grand success.

You may send all of your wishes for Chandrayaan-1 to be a grand success to moon@isro.gov.in

The Chandrayaan mission took its first tentative steps towards successful execution with a picture-perfect launch early this morning. The PSLV C-11 lifted off at 6:22 AM sharp, carrying the historic payload along. Although the launch was not clearly visible due to cloud cover, all parameters were normal from the word go.
At this moment, the PSLV has successfully injected the Chandrayaan into an elliptical orbit around Earth. From here, the probe will shift to a 'transfer orbit' and will eventually be captured by the moon's gravity field via a final thrust towards our celestial neighbour. Although the mission is far from complete, the textbook launch has boosted confidence and everyone is looking forward to a successful completion.

Chandrayaan-1's path to the moon:

Along with the scientifc instruments, the Chandrayaan also carries a symbolic Indian flag which is expected to detach from the craft and land on the moon.
At the post-launch press brief, the people behind the launch could not contain their excitement -- there were smiles and giggles all around. The scientists termed today's launch as a red letter day in the history of modern India. G Madhavan Nair, the Chairman of the ISRO quipped that "...it is a historic moment as far as India is concerned.. we have begun our journey to the moon".
The Chandrayaan will take approximately 15 days to reach its intended lunar orbit where it will remain -- continuously mapping the lunar surface and sending back valuable data. It also carries with it, as many as 11 scientific instruments provided by various other space organizations, including 6 from India alone.
Everyone waits with bated breath for the moment when the Chandrayaan launch mission reaches its final stages with its placement into the lunar orbit; a few hours from now.

The focus now shifts tothe ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (Istrac) at Peenya in Bangalore City, India which will be the country's nerve-centre for tracking and controlling Chandrayaan-I for the next two years.
Peenya will receive the first signals from the spacecraft, when the fourth stage of the rocket separates and injects the spacecraft into Earth's orbit. From the 17th minute to the very last day of the spacecraft's life - two years from now.
The Deep Space Network (DSN) at Byalalu will join ISTRAC in tracking the spacecraft six hours after take-off. Both DSN and ISTRAC will act as back-up stations for each other, with ISTRAC concentrating on the data flow from the spacecraft, and DSN helping in reception of the radio signals owing to its powerful 32-metre antenna. But ISTRAC will be the primary agency tracking the craft.
The control centre at ISTRAC has about 350 people monitoring the health of Indian satellites. While there are groups designated for specific satellites, any member from any group could be called upon to help with Chandrayaan.

Chandrayaan, weighing about 1400-kg, is shaped like a cuboid with a solar panel projecting from one of its sides. The spacecraft carries 11 payloads and aims to achieve its primary objectives of expanding scientific knowledge of the moon, upgrading India’s technological capability and providing challenging opportunities for planetary research.
" India started our journey to the moon and the first leg has gone very well....

Indian Space Research Organisation Chairman G Madhavan Nair described the successful launch as a historic moment in India's space programme.
"The launch was perfect and precise. The satellite has been placed in the earth orbit. With this, we have completed the first leg of the mission and it will take 15 days to reach the lunar orbit," Nair announced in the mission control centre shortly after PSLV-C11 put the spacecraft in a transfer orbit.
After circling the earth in its highly elliptical Transfer Orbit for a while, Chandrayaan-1 would be taken into more elliptical orbits by repeated firing of the spacecraft's Liquid Apogee Motor (LAM) at opportune moments.
Subsequently, the LAM would be again fired to take the spacecraft to the vicinity of the moon by following a Lunar Transfer Trajectory (LTT) path, whose apogee lies at 3,87,000 km.
Later, when Chandrayaan-1 reaches the vicinity of the moon, its LAM would be fired again so as to slow down the spacecraft sufficiently to enable the gravity of the moon to capture it into an elliptical orbit. The next step would be to reduce the height of the spacecraft orbit around the moon in various steps.
After some more procedures, Chandrayaan-1's orbit would be finally lowered to its intended 100 km height from the lunar surface, which was expected to take place around November 8.
Later, the Moon Impact Probe would be ejected from Chandrayaan-1 in a chosen area following which the cameras and other payloads would be turned on and thoroughly tested, marking the operational phase of the mission.

ANTI GRAVITY INVENTIONS

2008-10-10T18:34:00.001-07:00

ANTI GRAVITY INVENTIONS OVER PAST 100 YEARS

Here is a list of the most prominent and successful anti gravity inventors of the past 100 years or so. Each of these inventors has built and successfully tested their anti gravity machines. If you are wondering why anti gravity technology is not currently in use today, the main reason is that no one could duplicate the machines of these brilliant inventors. However many people are currently working on duplicating the inventions of these inventors.
Each link below brings you to a very in depth look (which includes pictures) of all of the inventor's inventions that deal with anti gravity.

John Worrell Keely

-Successfully rendered objects weighing up to 500 pounds absolutely weightless. He is our favorite anti gravity inventor, due to his immense success with his amazing anti gravity technologies.
John Hutchison

- Succesfully rendered objects weightless using sound and high frequencies.
Edward Leedskalnin

-Successfully moved Extremely heavy stone sculptures without the use of heavy machinery. He did so with his own anti gravity technology. He claimed that he knew how the Ancient Egyptians built the pyramids.
Viktor Schauberger

-Successfully built machines which copy nature's motion. His devices produced "anti gravity lift". This propulsion lift can be used to either lift vertically or forwards of backwards if applied properly. His machines were very powerful.
T. Townsend Brown

-Successfully built an electrogravitic propulsion device.

IN BRIEF :

John Worrell Keely-Accomplished Anti Gravity Inventor-His inventions and biography

John Keely was probably the best inventor of all times in my opinion. Nikola Tesla was probably second to John in my view. John Keely got to the very heart of how things work. He understood the nature of vibration. All things vibrate whether it be a rock, a mirror, a person, or a musical chord. He understood how to manipulate objects via their vibratory rates. He did this through sympathetic vibration, he also did other amazing things too which didn't only employ sympathetic vibration.
John Worrell Keely was born September 3, 1837. He later died in November 18, 1898. He was quite literally a genius.
Here is another picture of John Keely, in this picture you see him alongside one of his inventions called the Musical Dynasphere.
And now I present to you some of the most amazing anti-gravity inventions ever made by John Worrell Keely.
This is a picture of a glass cylinder filled with water in which is placed a weight. John attached a wire to the cylinder which is also attached to a small sphere and a string musical instrument. When John would strike the zither string the weight would lose it's weight and it would float up to the top. He could also make the heavy object regain it's weight, he therefore had complete control of the weight within the glass container.
So how exactly did this device work? Well the wire which went from the musical instrument to the glass cylinder actually changed the vibratory rate of the weight within the water. When the zither string was struck it would send a vibration through the wire to the inside of the cylinder. John Keely has said repeatedly in his writings that every object has a mass chord. Or a vibration if you will that is unique to each object. He thereby negated some of the vibrations in the weight that made the weight heavy. He did this through sympathetic vibrations. The sound from the musical instrument made the wire vibrate which in turn struck a chord with the weight. John knew how to affect the weight of an object by simply striking the right notes on the instrument.
John Keely also did the same type of experiment but with different machinery, hence the Liberator.
Here is a picture of another one of his successful machines. The Liberator. The Liberator when activated could render heavy objects absolutely weightless. As you can see in this picture there is a heavy weight. John could make this weight weightless simply by harnessing the power of the etheric vapour which was stored and used with his liberator and other devices which were stored on his person. He did so with a series of gold, silver, copper, and platinum wires. At one time he did a demonstration for a group of people. They were amazed to see him move a 500 horsepower vibratory engine from one end of the room to the other all on his own without even scratching the floor. The people who were there knew that this was not possible without the use of a crane or derrick. Since the engine he transported across the room was so very heavy. This was only one of many anti-gravity demonstrations that he made for some priviledged few of the public.
John was quoted as saying that his Liberator machine would release an etheric vapor which he then vitalized and stored for use in the various machines that he built. This etheric vapor had immense power and was created or harnessed if you will using the Liberator. It was written in newspapers that he had harnessed a new force of nature.

John Hutchison, Anti Gravity Inventor of modern times, his inventions, and biography

Here is a picture of John Hutchison in his apartment/workshop.

Here is another picture of John, you can see a little bit more of the machinery in his workshop.

John lives in Vancouver B.C. He has done presentations for several members of the Government and many other important scientists.

The following 2 videos are from Google Video. When you click on the link it will open up a new window.
Here is a video of John Hutchison showcasing the anti gravity Hutchison Effect.
John Hutchison is a modern day genius. John is most well known for the Hutchison Effect. The Hutchison Effect is not just one effect, it is many put together.
The Hutchison Effect is what happens when John turns on some of his machinery, he creates radio wave interferences in a zone of spatial volume encompassed by high voltage sources, usually a Van de Graff generator, and two or more Tesla coils.
The effects produced include levitation of heavy objects, fusion of dissimilar materials such as metal and wood (exactly as portrayed in the movie, "The Philadelphia Experiment"), the anomalous heating of metals without burning adjacent material, spontaneous fracturing of metals (which separate by sliding in a sideways fashion), and both temporary and permanent changes in the crystalline structure and physical properties of metals. The levitation of heavy objects by the Hutchison Effect is not---repeat not---the result of simple electrostatic or electromagnetic levitation.
Claims that these forces alone can explain the phenomenon are patently ridiculous, and easily disproved by merely trying to use such methods to duplicate what the Hutchison Effect has achieved, which has been well documented both on film and videotape, and has been witnessed many times by numerous credentialed scientists and engineers. Challengers should note that their apparatus must be limited to the use of 75 Watts of power from a 120 Volt AC outlet, as that is all that is used by Hutchison's apparatus to levitate a 60-pound cannon ball.
It is surmised by some researchers that what Hutchison has done is tap into the Zero Point Energy. This energy gets its name from the fact that it is evidenced by oscillations at zero degrees Kelvin, where supposedly all activity in an atom ceases. The energy is associated with the spontaneous emission and annihilation of electrons and positrons coming from what is called "the quantum vacuum." The density of the energy contained in the quantum vacuum is estimated by some at ten to the thirteenth Joules per cubic centimeter, which is reportedly sufficient to boil off the Earth's oceans in a matter of moments. Given access to such energies, it is small wonder that the Hutchison Effect produces such bizarre phenomena. At the present time, the phenomena are difficult to reproduce with any regularity. The focus for the future, then, is first to increase the frequency of occurence of the effects, then to achieve some degree of precision in their control. The work is continuing at this time. Before long, we shall see what progress can be made.
Here is the disappointing part of John Hutchison's research. Many different devices are used together to produce the anti gravity effect where objects levitate. John doesn't succeed every time to levitate objects. He has not mastered control of this phenomena. And it has been several years since he has discovered this effect. Another major roadblock to his research is that his machinery weighs several tons, and he can't move it out of his apartment. The reason why he has to move it is because when he conducts experiments it affects the neighbors in several ways. Their appliances don't work, their lights go on and off and things of that nature. So until he can move out and conduct more tests we will have to wait and see if he can master control of the Hutchison Effect.
John has also succesfully built a free energy battery. Here is a picture of it. Using this battery someone can get power for an electrical device without the use of conventional batteries, John's battery will never deplete it's energy.

Edward Leedskalnin, creator of Coral Castle, his anti gravity inventions and his biography

Edward Leedskalnin is the creator of Coral Castle. What is Coral Castle? It is a museum of sorts that has huge stone sculptures. Edward Leedskalnin laboured for over 28 years to build a monument to his lost love. He was a very compassionate man. Edward moved over 1 100 tons of stone on his own. He claimed to know how the Egyptians built the pyramids and moved the stones from place to place.

Here is a picture of Edward Leedskalnin's device that he used to move the gigantic coral stones from place to place. This apparatus uses magnets. Ed knew the secret of magnetic currents. He often said that modern science doesn't really know how magnetic currents work.

Here is another picture of one of Edward Leedskalnin's magnetic devices. This device also deals with magnets and magnetic current.

Here is a picture of the device that many people think Edward Leedskalnin used to move his stone scultpures.This device is used along with his magnetic wheel.

This is a picture of some of the stone sculptures that Ed built at Coral Castle.

Edward also wrote a book about Magnetic Current, in this book he explains in somewhat technical terms how magnet currents really work. He says that science has it all wrong. His ideas are great, I recommend this book.

The original book cover is below, notice the symbol of two curved lines, many people believe this symbol to be important in deciphering his magnetic current theories.

Viktor Schauberger, Anti gravity propulsion inventor
Viktor Schauberger was born the 30th of June 1885, he later died the 25th of September 1958. Viktor was a successful inventor and invented several inventions that used vortex like patterns that copied nature.
Viktor Schauberger was an Austrian forester who was active during the first half of the 19:th century. He had a huge beard and a friendly laughter, this he combined with an uncompromising belief in himself and his ideas. He was obstinate in combination with a choleric temper. He was a good drawer and probably a skilled craftsman. Even if Viktor was not schooled the academic way he had a deep knowledge in biology, physics and chemistry. His sense and understanding on how water flows in the nature was exceptional. From his observations he formulated his new hydrodynamic basic theory. His friends and opponents described him as highly intelligent and with this intellectual sharpness he made a deep cut in his (and ours) physical paradigm.
During World War Two, Victor Schauberger was interned in a Nazi concentration camp and was forced to work on a flying disk project using his ideas. It is not known if the project was completed, or, if the saucers actually flew in Germany. Reports vary, and no confirmed documentation remains. It is rather convincingly coincidental, however, that our own (US) pilots reported "strange flying disks" over Germany just prior to the War's end. After World War II, Viktor migrated to the United States on promises by various agencies (CIA) to help him develop and test his ideas. Those promises later proved to be hollow. He went to a facility in Dallas Texas, and under uncertain direction, signed over all of the rights to his inventions and patents, to, none other than the US government (Army, Navy...who knows?!). He was sent back to his home-land of Austria, only to die, broken and disillusioned five days later. It would make a great headline for the 'National Enquirer'...and unfortunately...it's TRUE!
His Inventions: The Repulsin:

An original picture-sketch of the Repulsine above : A flying model of a Schauberger Repulsine, Type A, tested in January 1940. This device has been built with copper and uses a very high speed motor for the main vortex turbine. The Repulsine Type "A" device is an Electro-Aero-Dynamic device (E.A.D.) and uses two effects :
1.) The Coanda Effect: a pure Aerodynamic effect based on the Bernoulli's principle.
2.) The Electro-Dynamic effect : The high speed vortex in the "vortex chamber" produces an electric, charged separation effect, called "the diamagnetic effect " by Schauberger. These two effects, combined, create the so-called "implosion effect".
When the main electric engine is started, the Coanda effect begins to create a differential aerodynamic pressure between the outer and the inner surface of the primary hull. At a higher speed, the vortex chamber becomes a kind of high electrostatic generator due to the air particles, in high speed motion, acting as an electrical charge transporter. The Repulsine will begin to glow due to the strong ionization effect of the air. Now, we have all the ingredients for a continuous and strong Aether Flow along the main axis from the top to the bottom of the craft...The radial air pressure required for lifting 1kg with the Coanda Effect is about 1,4 kg/cm2
Machines of Genius - The Repulsine, or "Flying Saucer" of Viktor Schauberger:
Viktor used implosion to run his devices, implosion created great power in his inventions. Also known as water-hammer or cavitation. Not very much is known about cavitation and how to apply it to inventions. Viktor however knew all too well how to use it in inventions.
When his repulsion would be in operation the turbine with the aid of implosion would create a propulsion effect which would levitate the craft into the air.
Most of the documentation you will find on Viktor Schauberger's work and inventions is almost always very technical. Experiments that you and I the struggling inventor can do to imitate his inventions are hard to come by. It would be nice if there would be some experiments we could try to see how his inventions actually work. I myself have searched through books written by him and on internet sites for actual experiments I could try to see how his inventions work. I have not found any. One of his books that does explain how he used water for anti gravity inventions is well explained for those who are not rocket scientists. It is a very good book. It explains how water really flows and how water is energized, it gives a lot of information on water flow and how he developed his anti gravity ideas from watching trout go upstream. He noticed that they jumped up over rocks and such when going upstream, he noticed a kind of anti gravity levitation when they jumped upstream. This allowed him to experiment and learn a lot about water flow. He also created several inventions for logging, his inventions for sending logs through water to designated areas were very successful. Viktor maintains that water should not flow in a straight line, water likes to flow in curves, like down a winding river, it energizes the water.
Repulsin B -To the Left is a picture of an original prototype showing the major components of the "Repulsine, type B" engine. The air, being drawn in from the top slits, is set into a spiral vortex movement. Schauberger had claimed that once the devise was set in motion, the primary motor could be switched off and the forces at work would power the generator, which was housed in a central location inside the craft.
The implosion motor uses the suction forces of implosion; there is no heat barrier and no sound barrier, because with friction almost entirely lacking, no heat is generated. The air flows through the rotating air inlets, placed in the middle, and follows the gap between the double membranes (with the wave pattern). This creates a spiral contraction of the flowing medium and creates a vacuum which increases the "pull", via implosion. The enhanced vortex turbine uses two flat membranes with concentric "rills" on it. A wave pattern has been set on the upper and on the lower membrane. The upper wave is slightly out of phase with the lower wave. This is a direct application of the "Coanda" effect. The air flow passes through small cavities where the volume sometimes is larger, and sometimes smaller, due to the difference in phase relationship between the upper and the lower membrane. When the air passes different cavities it starts to pulsate. The pulsations are directly dependant on the angular speed of the discs. This "push-pull" action creates an harmonic pulsation of energy...
The Repulsine uses the same phenomena. Cold water, drawn through a base hole, is spun in between the two wavy impellers and cools the air inside the units’ shell. As this partial vacuum draws in the air, it is spun into a cyclone by intake fins. After the air is cooled and humidified, still spinning, it is then expelled from an upper turbine, which reacts with the exiting cyclone. This centrifugal air has so much angular momentum that it is able to leave the Repulsine, even against a strong internal vacuum. That is a direct analogy to the rocking tank implosion-based water pump, described above.
The hot, rising vapor, trapped in a snail-shaped chimney, is lighter then the surrounding dry air and adds to the suction on the Repulsine's top. The upper turbine, spun by the exiting cyclones' action, directly drives the internal wavy vaporizing discs, which atomize the cold intake water. The electric motor (used for starting purposes) only has one purpose, and that is to spin up the vaporizer so that it properly atomizes the cold water from the inlet hose. The power source is implosion of hot, dry, desert air.
Remember that the power source is the Thermal difference between cold ground water and hot, dry desert air, just as is done in the implosion tank-rocking water pump from Texas. There is no mystery here. This device does nothing but convert the energy present in the combination of cold ground water with hot dry atmosphere. That is how it actually works. In many ways, it is similar to Schauberger’s water turbine, which also uses a pulsed pressure reservoir. Keep in mind that without the cold-water input, the pulsating vacuum trapped inside the Repulsine soon diminishes and stops. There is a lot of mystery behind this device.
To quote on what Schauberger said:
“ I connected the implosion motor to an outdoor water tap and it began to spin and finally took off, powered off of nothing more then ordinary, cold, tap water.”
If you look at the Repulsine, you will find a water pipe beneath, sticking out to the side. Schauberger was a master of water implosion technology. It is possible to cool air by simply pulling on a piston, but you require work to do that. At the same time, if you compressed air in a piston, it will get hot. That requires force over a distance or mechanical work to accomplish. You see; there is no gain! Simply expanding a piston and contracting it (or a vortex) accomplishes little more then creating a spring. We all know springs eventually stop bouncing. Schauberger’s expanding and contracting tornado also eventually ceases without an energy source. Recall the Hilsch-Rankine tube or Maxwell’s demon. The tube generates spiral airflow and creates hot air in the large tube and cold air -140F in the small diameter tube. In order to accomplish this, compressed air in large volumes must be used for its ability to do work. No free ride there. It is possible to make a vertical tube howl like a banshee, but the second the flame is removed from the tubes’ inside wall - the resonance stops. Again, it requires a defined energy source. That is Viktor Schauberger’s secret.
Hopefully someone will soon come along who will explain it to us in plain English how his devices work, and show us a prototype of similar design to Viktor's. If we are to combat Climate Change and natural disasters technology using Viktor's ideas would surely help us a great deal. We could also build flying crafts with his inventions. It is a pity that those who used Viktor to gain his knowledge have left nothing to the public of his inventions or more insight into his work.

Thomas Townsend Brown, Electrogavitic propulsion inventor

Thomas Townsend Brown has been flying strange metal saucer-like discs of his own secret design and make for more than 30 years - some big ones too, up to 30 inches in diameter!
Mostly, Brown has flown his discs in good old common air. The discs are tethered to a mast or pole and the thin, double-saucer-like things fly a circle around and around the mast in free flight.
Thomas Townsend Brown, (1905-1985) an American physicist, was a leader in developing theories concerning the link between electromagnetic and gravitational fields theorized by Dr. Albert Einstein. He advanced from theory to application with the development of solid and disc-shaped apparatuses which are believed to have created and utilized temporary, localized gravitational fields.
Brown's work became very controversial due to the similarity between his work and what is believed to be the propulsion method of some observed UFO's. His name is also often mentioned in the same breath as the so-called "Philadelphia Experiment," as a possible candidate along with Nikola Tesla, A.L. Kitselman and Dr. Einstein.
Defying Gravity is a biographical mystery that ponders the question “how come nobody has ever heard of T. Townsend Brown?”
Townsend Brown was a celebrated prodigy of electrical science during the 1920s, was respected as an innovative physicist throughout the mid-century, and is generally regarded as the seminal pioneer in the field of anti-gravity research and technology. So how is it that the trail of Brown’s life and work is almost impossible to trace? Why is it that every lead seems to trail off down some dark corridor of intrigue or run into a brick wall of officially “classified” material?
Townsend Brown was a teenager when he discovered a theoretical link between electricity and gravity. The concept he pioneered is, ironically, now embodied in a common household appliance that is advertised on television every day. The same principal is also secretly deployed in some of America’s most sophisticated combat aircraft.
So why is this man's life such a complete mystery?
Born in 1905 to a prominent Midwest family, Thomas Townsend Brown was expected to take the reins of the family’s diverse business interests. Like so many of his now-revered predecessors, he chose instead to explore the mysteries of a much larger universe.
Expanding on his original discoveries through more than four decades, Brown built numerous wingless devices that flew without any conventional means of propulsion – the precursors to a future generation of gravity-defying “electric spacecraft.”
The Biefeld–Brown Effect is an effect that was discovered by Thomas Townsend Brown (USA) and Dr. Paul Alfred Biefeld (Switzerland). The effect is more widely referred to as electrohydrodynamics (EHD) or sometimes electro-fluid-dynamics, a counterpart to the well-known magneto-hydrodynamics. Small models lifted by this effect are sometimes called 'lifters'.

The effect relies on corona discharge, which allows air molecules to become ionized near sharp points and edges. Usually, two electrodes are used with a high voltage between them, ranging from a few kilovolts and up to megavolt levels, where one electrode is small or sharp, and the other larger and smoother. The most effective distance between electrodes occurs at an electric field gradient of about 10 kV/cm, which is just below the nominal breakdown voltage of air between two sharp points, at a current density level usually referred to as the saturated corona current condition. This creates a high field gradient around the smaller, positively charged electrode. Around this electrode, ionisation occurs, that is, electrons are stripped off the atoms in the surrounding medium, they are literally pulled right off by the electrode's charge.
This leaves a cloud of positively charged ions in the medium, which are attracted to the negative smooth electrode, where they are neutralized again. In the process, thousands of impacts occur between these charged ions and the neutral air molecules in the air gap, causing a transfer in momentum between the two, which creates a net directional force on the electrode setup. This effect can be used for propulsion (see EHD thruster), fluid pumps and recently also in EHD cooling systems.
The effect has become something of a cause célèbre in the UFO world, where it is seen as an example of something much more exotic than electrokinetics. Charles Berlitz devoted an entire chapter of his book The Philadelphia Experiment to a retelling of Brown's early work with the effect, implying he had discovered some new electrogravity effect being used by UFOs. In fact Brown was fully aware of how the device worked, but that makes for a less interesting story. Today the Internet is filled with sites devoted to this interpretation of the effect (see below for some of the more profound sites).
An article by M. Tajmar (see below, or a summary) describes an experiment designed to test the possibility that this effect may need some other effect than ion winds for its explanation. No such effect was found, to the limit of experimental accuracy. In particular, no thrust could be observed in a vacuum.
Some people think that the Tesla coil might be related to this effect. In fact, when Tesla came to the USA he was supposedly carrying plans for a "flying machine". The only common factor between a Tesla coil and the Biefeld–Brown effect is that, in both of them, high voltage plays a vital role. High field gradients between electrode plates, can be produced by an AC circuit powered by Tesla coils.
Here are some pictures of T. Brown and his inventions. Most of his inventions utilized air molecules that become ionized and therefore charged. This creates a lift effect. Many people are working on perfecting lifters that utilize this technology. You can stay up to date on the success of lifters and anti gravity technology on the Current Anti Gravity Inventions page.

Here is a picture of a modern day lifter, the object being lifted doesn't weigh very much so it is easy to lift. Heavier lifters are being made as we speak.

TOP 10 AMAZING FACTS ABOUT EARTH

2008-10-10T18:13:00.000-07:00

TOP 10 AMAZING FACTS ABOUT EARTH

1. Gravity is not the same over the surface of the Earth

It turns out that in some places you will feel slightly heavier than others. A low spot can be seen just off the coast of India, while a relative high occurs in the South Pacific Ocean. The cause of these irregularities is unknown since present surface features do not appear dominant. NASA's GRACE twin satellites, launched in March 2002, are making detailed measurements of Earth's gravity field which will lead to discoveries about gravity and Earth's natural systems.

2. Atmosphere 'escapes'

Due to thermal energy, some of the molecules at the outer edge of the Earth's atmosphere have their velocity increased to the point where they can escape from the planet's gravity. This results in a slow but steady leakage of the atmosphere into space. Because unfixed hydrogen has a low molecular weight, it can achieve escape velocity more readily and it leaks into outer space at a greater rate.[61] For this reason, the Earth's current environment is oxidizing, rather than reducing, with consequences for the chemical nature of life which developed on the planet. The oxygen-rich atmosphere also preserves much of the surviving hydrogen by locking it up in water molecules.

3. The Earth is slowing down

As a result of variation in gravitational forces due to the moon, the sun and other planets in the solar system, displacements of matter in different in different parts of the planets and other excitation mechanisms, the rotational speed of the Earth about it's axis varies in time. Recently, days have been getting shorter by hundredths of a second, which implies that the angular velocity of the Earth has been increasing. The factors causing this increasing in the Earth's rotational velocity have not been determined. The rotation data shows oscillations over several different timescales. The one with the largest variation is seasonal: Earth slows down in January and February.

4. Van Allen radiation belt

The Van Allen Radiation Belt is a torus of energetic charged particles (plasma) around Earth, held in place by Earth's magnetic field. Apollo astronauts who traveled to the moon spent very little time in the belts but probably have a slightly higher risk of cancer during their. NASA said that they deliberately timed Apollo launches, and used lunar transfer orbits that only skirted the edge of the belt over the equator to minimize the radiation. Besides, there have been nuclear tests in space that have caused artificial radiation belts. Starfish Prime, a high altitude nuclear test created an artificial radiation belt that damaged or destroyed as many as one third of the satellites in low earth orbit at the time.

5. Moon is moving away from Earth

The reasons why have to do with tides and conservation of energy and angular momentum. Measurements have been collected now for over 25 years, and it is clear that the Moon's orbit is slowly growing larger and that the Moon is moving away from the Earth. The net result is that the Moon is receding from the Earth at about 4 centimeters a year. However, astronomers have predicted that when the Sun enters the red giant phase in around 5 billion years - during the red giant phase of the Sun - both Earth and Moon will be affected by the Sun's extended atmosphere and will aproach again. Then the Moon will swing ever closer to Earth until it reaches a point 11,470 miles (18,470 kilometers) above our planet, a point termed the Roche limit. The result: Moon will be torn to pieces and will be scattered to form a spectacular 23,000-mile-diameter (37,000-kilometer) Saturn-like ring of debris above Earth's equator.

6. Moon has a tidal effect on the atmosphere

The Moon have a tidal effect on the atmosphere as well as the oceans. Theory predicts stronger lunar pressure oscillations in the tropics but their amplitude rarely exceeds 100 microbars or 0.01 percent of the average surface pressure. Detection of such a tiny signal masked by much larger pressure variations associated with weather phenomena required the development of special statistical techniques and the accumulation of a long series of regular observations. It is common for atmospheric waves to grow in amplitude with height as the air becomes thinner. The lunar tide, however, remains weak compared to the solar tide in the upper atmosphere.

7. The Chandler wobble

The Chandler wobble is a small variation in Earth's axis of rotation, discovered by American astronomer Seth Carlo Chandler in 1891. It amounts to 0.7 arcseconds over a period of 433 days. In other words, Earth's poles move in an irregular circle of 3 to 15 metres in diameter, in an oscillation. The cause is unknown. On 18 July 2000, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory announced that "the principal cause of the Chandler wobble is fluctuating pressure on the bottom of the ocean, caused by temperature and salinity changes and wind-driven changes in the circulation of the oceans. However, on janauary-february 2006 scientist noticed the Chandler wobble had stopped and there was a near six week period in which a significant pause occurred. This anomaly has been of great interest in gaining a better understanding, but it is not yet known if this has or will cause any catastrophic changes in the overall rotation axis of the planet.

8. Earth electric charge

Since 1917 scientists have known that the earth's surface is charged with negative electricity, but no one knew for sure what keeps it charged. In areas of fair weather, an electric current flows between the earth and the air in a direction which would tend to dissipate the charge. It is not much of a current: only about 1,500 amperes, not much more for the entire earth than flows in a few power lines. But the electricity taken from the earth must be restored somehow or the earth's electric charge would soon drain away. An obvious guess is that thunderstorms somehow restore the lost charge, but no one had proved it. Three years ago the institution borrowed airplanes from the Air Force and began to measure electrical stirring in the still air above active thunderheads. Sure enough, the instruments showed a current moving in the opposite direction to the current in fair-weather areas. The scientists figured that all the thunderstorms going on at one time generate a net current of about 1,500 amperes, just enough to balance the drain and keep the earth's charge constant.

9. Tons of interplanetary dust reaches Earth every year

According to space.com, about 30,000 tons of interplanetary dust reaches Earth's surface every year. Most asteroids roam around the Sun in a belt between Mars and Jupiter. The fragments of their collisions, and the dust, can be drawn toward the inner solar system and sometimes approach Earth. Dust and rocks moving fast in relation to Earth frequently slam into the atmosphere and burn up, generating shooting stars. Stuff moving more slowly relative to Earth can be captured by the planet's gravity and survive the plunge.

10. Earth's magnetic poles change places

The poles on the Earth have changed places - many times! We can tell this has happened because the magnetic moment of the rocks that make up the ocean floor have an alternating direction. Which direction they exhibit depends on which way the poles were oriented when the rocks were being formed at the mid-ocean ridge. During a reversal, which can take thousands of years, the magnetic poles start to wander away from the region around the spin poles, and eventually end up switched around. Sometimes this wandering is slow and steady, and other times it occurs in several jumps.

Ten things you didn't know about Google

2008-10-10T04:55:00.000-07:00

Ten things you didn't know about Google

1) The name Google is a spelling error. The founders of the site, Larry page and Sergey Brin, thought they were going for 'Googol.' Googol is the mathematical term for 1 followed by 100 zeros. The term was coined by Milton Sirotta, nephew of American mathematician Edward Kasner, and was popularized in the book, Mathematics and the Imagination by Kasner and James Newman. Google's play on the term reflects the company's mission to organize the immense amount of information available on the web. Initially, Larry and Sergey Brin called their search engine BackRub, named for its analysis of the of the web's "back links." The search for a new name began in 1997, with Larry and his officemates starting a hunt for a number of possible new names for the rapidly improving search technology
2) The reason the google page is so bare is because the founder didn't know HTML and just wanted a quick interface. Due to the sparseness of the homepage, in early user tests they noted people just kept sitting staring at the screen, waiting for the rest toappear. To solve the particular problem the Google Copyright message was inserted to act as an end of page marker.
3) Google started as a research project by Larry page and Sergey Brin when they were 24 and 23 years respectively. Google's mission statement is to organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful. The company's first office was in a garage, in Menlo Park , California . Google's first employee was Craig Silverstein, now Google's director of technology. The basis of Google's search technology is called PageRank that assigns an "importance" value to each page on the web and gives it a rank to determine how useful it is. However, that is not why it is called PageRank. It is actually named after Google co-founder Larry Page.
4) Google receives about 20 million search queries each day from every part of the world, including Antarctica and Vatican . You can have the Google homepage set up in as many as 116 different languages -- including Urdu, Latin , Cambodia , Tonga , and Yoruba. In fact, Google has the largest network of translators in the world.
5) In the earliest stage of Google, there was no submit button, rather the Enter key needed to be pressed. Google has banned computer-generated search requests, which can sop up substantial system resources and help unscrupulous marketers manipulate its search rankings.
6) The Google's free web mail service Gmail was used internally for nearly two years prior to launch to the public. The researchers found out six types of email users, and Gmail has been designed to accommodate these six. The free e-mail service recently changed its name for new UK users. Following a trademark dispute with a London-based Independent International Investment Research, the mail account has been renamed Google Mail.
7) It would take 5,707 years for a person to search Google's 3 billion pages. The Google software does it in 0.5 seconds. Google Groups comprises more than 845 million Usenet messages, which is the world's largest collection of messages or the equivalent ofmore than a terabyte of human conversation
8) The logos that appear on the Google homepage during noteworthy days and dates and important events are called Google Doodle. The company has also created an online museum where it has all the logos it has put on various occasions so far. Dennis Hwang, a Korean computer artist in the United States , is the guy behind these witty Doodles. Hwang has been drawing the face of Google for over two years.
9) You have heard of Google Earth, but not many know there is a site called Google Moon, which maps the Lunar surface. Google Moon is an extension of Google Maps and Google Earth that, courtesy of NASA imagery, enables you to surf the Moon's surface and check out the exact spots that the Apollo astronauts made their landings
10) Keyhole, the satellite imaging company that Google acquired in October 2004 was funded by CIA. Keyhole's technology runs Google's popular program Google Earth that allows users to quickly view stored satellite images from all around the world

10 Amazing Facts About Chocolate

Chocolate is made from beans derived from the cacao tree. These beans are very bitter, so the cocoa solids and the cocoa butter has sugar added to it, along with some other ingredients in order to make the chocolate that is available to the general public.Chocolate is particularly popular at certain times of the year, such as Easter, Valentines Day and Christmas. As such, chocolate shaped gifts are popular. Hearts for Valentines day and cute bunnies at Easter are two high up on the gift selection list. Here are 10 interesting facts about chocolate:
1. Chocolate is lower in caffeine than tea, coffee and coca cola. A one ounce bar of chocolate contains about 6mg of caffeine, whereas a five ounce cup of regular coffee contains over 40mg.
2. Chocolate was regarded as an aphrodisiac by Aztec Indians.
3. Chocolate contains antioxidants which may help prevent cancer and heart disease.
4. Chocolate is the favourite flavour in the United States Of America.
5. The shelf life of a bar of chocolate is approximately one year.
6. In 1842 Cadbury's in England created the worlds first chocolate bar.
7. The Swiss eat the most chocolate. The average person eats 19lbs a year.
8. Chocolate contain theobromine, which is a mild relative of caffeine and magnesium. This chemical is found in some tranquilisers. Because coffee also contains caffeine, it both picks you up and calms you down.
9. It is widely believed that chocolate consumption releases a chemical into your body very similar to what is produced when you are in love.
10. Chocolate manufacturers use 20% of the worlds peanuts and 40% of the worlds almonds.Chocolate is mildly addictive, but a bar now and again is not going to hurt. With all those great antioxidants it contains, it may even help you live longer. After all, as the saying goes, “A little of what you fancy does you good”.

Amazing facts about Human body

The Skeletal System
The largest bone is the pelvis, or hip bone. In fact it is made of six bones joined firmly together.The longest bone is the 'femur', in the thigh. It makes up almost one quarter of the body's total height.The smallest bone is the 'stirrup', deep in the ear. It is hardly larger than a grain of rice.The ears and end of the nose do not have bones inside them. Their inner supports are cartilage or 'gristle', which is lighter and more flexible than bone. This is why the nose and ears can be bent.After death, cartilage rots faster than bone. This is why the skulls of skeletons have no nose or ears.
The Muscular System
There are about 60 muscles in the face. Smiling is easier than frowning. It takes 20 muscles to smile and over 40 to frown.The longest muscle in the body is the sartorius, from the outside of the hip, down and across to the inside of the knee. It rotates the thigh outwards and bends the knee.The smallest muscle in the body is the stapedius, deep in the ear. It is only 5mm long and thinner than cotton thread. It is involved in hearing.The biggest muscle in the body is the gluteus maximus, in the buttock. It pulls the leg backwards powerfully for walking, running and climbing steps.
The Circulatory System
The heart beats around 3 billion times in the average person's life.About 2 million blood cells die in the human body every second, and the same number are born each second.Within a tiny droplet of blood, there are some 5 million red blood cells, 300,000 platelets and 10,000 white cells.It takes about 1 minute for a red blood cell to circle the whole body.Red blood cells make approximately 250,000 round trips of the body before returning to the bone marrow, where they were born, to die.Red blood cells may live for about 4 months circulating throughout the body, feeding the 60 trillion other body cells.The brain looks like a giant, wrinkled walnut.Unlike other body cells, brain cells can not regenerate. Once brain cells are damaged they are not replaced.The brain and spinal cord are surrounded and protected by cerebrospinal fluid.
The Immune System
The skin secretes antibacterial substances. These substances explain why you don't wake up in the morning with a layer of mold growing on your skin - most bacteria and spores that land on the skin die quickly.Tears and mucus contain an enzyme (lysozyme) that breaks down the cell wall of many bacteria.Lymph nodes contain filtering tissue and a large number of lymph cells. When fighting certain bacterial infections, the lymph nodes swell with bacteria and the cells fighting the bacteria, to the point where you can actually feel them. Swollen lymph nodes may therefore be a good indication that you have an infection of some sort.
The Digestive System
Adults eat about 1,100 pounds of food per year.About 3 pints of saliva are produced each day.The esophagus is approximately 10 inches long.Muscles contract in waves to move the food down the esophagus. This means that food would get to a person's stomach, even if they were standing on their head.An adult’s stomach can hold approximately 3 pints of material.Every day 3 gallons of digested food, liquids and digestive juices flow through the digestive system, but only about 3 ounces of fluid are lost in feces.In the mouth, food is either cooled or warmed to a more suitable temperature.We get two sets of teeth. Our 20 'Baby Teeth’ are replaced starting at around 6-7 years of age with our 32 ‘Adult Teeth’.
The Respiratory System
At rest, the adult body takes in and breathes out about 1.6 gallons of air each minute.The right lung is slightly larger than the left.Hairs in the nose help to clean the air we breathe as well as warming it.The highest recorded "sneeze speed" is 102 miles per hour.The surface area of the lungs is roughly the same size as a tennis court.The capillaries in the lungs would extend 1,000 miles if placed end to end.We lose half a more than two cups of water a day through breathing. This is the water vapor we see when we breathe onto glass.A person at rest usually breathes between 12 and 15 times a minute.The breathing rate is faster in children and women than in men

Strange but true facts about the Earth

In 1783 an Icelandic eruption threw up enough dust to temporarily block out the sun over Europe.
About 20 to 30 volcanoes erupt each year, mostly under the sea.
A huge underground river runs underneath the Nile, with six times more water than the river above
Lake Bosumtwi in Ghana formed in a hollow made by a meteorite.
Beaver Lake, in Yellowstone Park, USA, was artificially created by beaver damming.
Off the coast of Florida there is an underwater hotel. Guests have to dive to the entrance.
Venice in Italy is built on 118 sea islets joined by 400 bridges. It is gradually sinking into the water.
The Ancient Egyptians worshipped a sky goddess called Nut.
The world's windiest place is Commonwealth Bay, Antartica.
In 1934, a gust of wind reached 371 km/h on Mount Washington in New Hampshire, USA.
American Roy Sullivan has been struck by lighting a record seven times.
The desert baobab tree can store up to 1000 litres of water in its trunk. The oldest living tree is a California bristlecone pine name 'Methuselah'. It is about 4600 years old. The largest tree in the world is a giant sequoia growing in California. It is 84 meters tall and measures 29 meters round the trunk. The fastest growing tree is the eucalyptus. It can grow 10 meters a year.
The Antartic notothenia fish has a protein in its blood that acts like antifreeze and stops the fish freezing in icy sea.
The USA uses 29% of the world's petrol and 33% of the world's electricity.
The industrial complex of Cubatao in Brazil is known as the Valley of Death because its pollution has destroyed the trees and rivers nearby.
Tibet is the highest country in the world. Its average height above sea level is 4500 meters.
Fresh water from the River Amazon can be found up to 180 km out to sea.
The White Sea, in Russia, has the lowest temperature, only -2 degrees centigrade. The Persian Gulf is the warmest sea. In the summer its temperature reaches 35.6 degrees centigrade.
There is no land at all at the North Pole, only ice on top of sea. The Arctic Ocean has about 12 million sq km of floating ice and has the coldest winter temperature of -34 degrees centigrade.
The Antarctic ice sheet is 3-4 km thick, covers 13 million sq km and has temperatures as low as -70 degrees centigrade.
Over 4 million cars in Brazil are now running on gasohol instead of petrol. Gasohol is a fuel made from sugar cane.

its amazing ...read it

Clapping with One Hand & with both Hands separately at the same time: Navneet Singh performed my Unique Talent of Clapping with Only One Hand at the " Famous Reality Show named, SHABAASH INDIA" which is being telecast on Zee TV. I have made a Record of Clapping 284 times in Just 1 Minute with Only One Hand. The T.V. Channel have also issued a Certificate stating " Record of Clapping with Only One Hand". An article has also been published in News Paper "The Tribune" Chandigarh, about this achievement.
The US produces 25 per cent and owns 35 per cent of the world's cars. Fifty per cent of vehicle trips in the US involve only the driver.
Antarctica is COLDEST continent, averaging minus 76 degrees in the winter.
Paris, France has more dogs than people.
The heaviest apple weighed 1.849 kg (4 lb 1 oz) and was grown and picked by Chisato Iwasaki at his apple farm in Hirosaki City, Japan October 24, 2005.
The highest accepted named number in the system of successive powers of ten is the centillion, first recorded in 1852. It is the hundredth power of a million, or 1 followed by 600 noughts. The number 10100 is designated a googol. The term was suggested by the 9 year old nephew of Dr Edward Kasner (USA). Ten raised to the power of a googol is described as a googolplex. Some conception of the magnitude of such numbers can be gained when it is said that the number of electrons in some models of the observable Universe is of the order of 1087.The highest named number outside the decimal notation is the Buddhist asankhyeya, which is equal to 10140 and mentioned in Jain works of 100 BC.The highest number ever used in a mathematical proof is a bounding value published in 1977 and is known as Graham’s number. It contains bi-chromatic hypercubes and is beyond description without the special arrow notation, devised by Knuth in 1976 and then extendedto 64 layers.

Amazing Language Facts

There are more than 2,700 languages in the world. In addition, there are more than 7,000 dialects. A dialect is a regional variety of a language that has a different pronunciation, vocabulary, or meaning.The most difficult language to learn is Basque, which is spoken in northwestern Spain and southwestern France. It is not related to any other language in the world. It has an extremely complicated word structure and vocabulary.All pilots on international flights identify themselves in English.Somalia is the only African country in which the entire population speaks the same language, Somali.The language in which a government conducts business is the official language of that country.More than 1,000 different languages are spoken on the continent of Africa.Many languages in Africa include a “click” sound that is pronounced at the same time as other sounds. You must learn these languages in childhood to do it properly.

General interesting facts ...really amazing

No piece of normal-size paper can be folded in half more than 7 times.The first product to have a bar code scanned was Wrigley's gum.
Earth is the only planet not named after a pagan God.
A Boeing 747s wingspan is longer than the Wright brother's first flight.
Every day is about 55 billionths of a second longer than the day before it
Venus is the only planet that rotates clockwise.
The Himalayan gogi berry contains, weight for weight, more iron than steak, more beta carotene than carrots, more vitamin C than oranges.
Fingerprints of koala bears are similar (in pattern, shape and size) to the fingerprints of humans
Apples, not caffeine, are more efficient at waking you up in the morning.
SCUBA divers cannot pass gas at depths of 33 feet or below
Pele has always hated his nickname, which he says sounds like "baby-talk in Portuguese".
As of 2006, 200 million blogs were left without updatesUrban birds have developed a short, fast "rap style" of singing, different from their rural counterparts.The lion costume in the film Wizard of Oz was made from real lions.Fathers tend to determine the height of their child, mothers their weight.The Pope's been known to wear red Prada shoes.Donald Rumsfeld was both the youngest and the oldest defense secretary in US history.Coco Chanel started the trend for sun tans in 1923 when she got accidentally burnt on a cruise.Up to 25% of hospital keyboards carry the MRSA infection.In ancient Greece, children of wealthy families were dipped in olive oil at birth to keep them hairless throughout their lives.Sex workers (Prostitutes) in Roman times charged the equivalent price of eight glasses of red wine.As of 2006, more than one in eight people in the United States show signs of addiction to the internet.More than 90% of plane crashes have survivors.The Mona Lisa used to hang on the wall of Napoleon’s bedroom.Barbie's full name is Barbie Millicent Roberts.Eating a packet of crisps a day is equivalent to drinking five liters of cooking oil a year.Plant seeds that have been stored for more than 200 years can be coaxed into new life.For every 10 successful attempts to climb Mount Everest there is one fatality. (As of 2006)Watching television can act as a natural painkiller for childrenForty-one percent of English women have punched or kicked their partners, according to a study.The more panels a football has - and therefore the more seams - the easier it is to control in the air.Music can help reduce chronic pain by more than 20% and can alleviate depression by up to 25%.The egg came first.Modern teenagers are better behaved than their counterparts of 20 years ago, showing "less problematic behavior" involving sex, drugs and drink. Britain is still paying off debts that predate the Napoleonic wars because it's cheaper to do so than buy back the bonds on which they are based. In Bhutan government policy is based on Gross National Happiness; thus most street advertising is banned, as are tobacco and plastic bags. The best-value consumer purchase in terms of the price and usage is an electric kettle.Camel's milk, which is widely drunk in Arab countries, has 10 times more iron than cow's milk.Iceland has the highest concentration of broadband users in the world.The age limit for marriage in France was, until recently, 15 for girls, but 18 for boys. The age for girls was raised to 18 in 2006.The brain is soft and gelatinous - its consistency is something between jelly and cooked pasta.The Himalayas cover one-tenth of the Earth's surface.A "lost world" exists in the Indonesian jungle that is home to dozens of hitherto unknown animal and plant species.The two most famous actors who portrayed the “Marlboro Man” in the cigarette ads died of lung cancer.
All US Presidents have worn glasses. Some just didn't like being seen wearing them in public.
The Mona Lisa has no eyebrows. It was the fashion in Renaissance Florence to shave them off.
Walt Disney was afraid of mice.
The inventor of the flushing toilet was Thomas Crapper.
The average bed is home to over 6 billion dust mites.
The cigarette lighter was invented before the match.
The average chocolate bar has 8 insect legs in it.
Right-handed people live, on average, nine years longer than left-handed people do. (Makes you think about ambidextrous people)
Its impossible to smoke oneself to death with weed. You won\'t be able to retain enough motor control and consciousness to do so after such a large amount.
Every drop of seawater contains approximately 1 billion gold atoms.
The US national anthem actually has three verses, but everyone just knows the first one.
During World War II, IBM built the computers the Nazis used to manage their death/concentration camps.
The total combined weight of the worlds ant population is heavier than the weight of the human population.
The deadliest war in history excluding World War II was a civil war in China in the 1850s in which the rebels were led by a man who thought he was the brother of Jesus Christ.
Just about 3 people are born every second, and about 1.3333 people die every second. The result is about a 2 and 2/3 net increase of people every second. Almost 10 people more live on this Earth now, than before you finished reading this.
Happy Birthday (the song) is copyrighted.
The number of people alive on earth right now is higher than the number of all the people that have died. Ever.
The doorbell was invented in 1831.
The electric shaver was patented on November 6, 1928.
Japan is the largest exporter of frog's legs.
There are seven points on the Statue of Liberty's crown.
Napoleon was terrified of cats.
The first Lifesaver flavor was peppermint.
The typical American eats 263 eggs a year.
The parking meter was invented by C.C. Magee in 1935.
The oldest known vegetable is the pea.
Jack is the most common name in nursery rhymes.
The avocado has the most calories of any fruit.
The first zoo in the USA was in Philadelphia.
France has the highest per capita consumption of cheese.
The shortest English word that contains the letters A, B, C, D, E, and F is "feedback."
The state of California raises the most turkeys out of all of the states.
George Washington Carver invented peanut butter.
Iceland was the first country to legalize abortion in 1935.
The dumbest domesticated animal is the turkey.
Russia has the most movie theaters in the world.
The most fatal car accidents occur on Saturday.
The Eiffel Tower has 1792 steps.
The mongoose was barred live entry into the U.S. in 1902.
Goldfish swallowing started at Harvard in 1939.
Dry fish food can make goldfish constipated.
The stall closest to the door in a bathroom is the cleanest, because it is the least used.
Toilet paper was invented in 1857.
Alaska could hold the 21 smallest States.

20 Amazing Facts about Voting in the USA

1. 80% of all votes in America are counted by only two companies: Diebold and ES&S.
2. There is no federal agency with regulatory authority or oversight of the U.S. voting machine industry.
3. The vice-president of Diebold and the president of ES&S are brothers.
4. The chairman and CEO of Diebold is a major Bush campaign organizer and donor who wrote in 2003 that he was "committed to helping Ohio deliver its electoral votes to the president next year."
5. Republican Senator Chuck Hagel used to be chairman of ES&S. He became Senator based on votes counted by ES&S machines.
6. Republican Senator Chuck Hagel, long-connected with the Bush family, was recently caught lying about his ownership of ES&S by the Senate Ethics Committee.
7. Senator Chuck Hagel was on a short list of George W. Bush's vice-presidential candidates.
8. ES&S is the largest voting machine manufacturer in the U.S. and counts almost 60% of all U.S. votes.
9. Diebold's new touch screen voting machines have no paper trail of any votes. In other words, there is no way to verify that the data coming out of the machine is the same as what was legitimately put in by voters.
10. Diebold also makes ATMs, checkout scanners, and ticket machines, all of which log each transaction and can generate a paper trail.
11. Diebold is based in Ohio.
12. Diebold employed 5 convicted felons as consultants and developers to help write the central compiler computer code that counted 50% of the votes in 30 states.
13. Jeff Dean was Senior Vice-President of Global Election Systems when it was bought by Diebold. Even though he had been convicted of 23 counts of felony theft in the first degree, Jeff Dean was retained as a consultant by Diebold and was largely responsible for programming the optical scanning software now used in most of the United States.
14. Diebold consultant Jeff Dean was convicted of planting back doors in his software and using a "high degree of sophistication" to evade detection over a period of 2 years.
15. None of the international election observers were allowed in the polls in Ohio.
16. California banned the use of Diebold machines because the security was so bad. Despite Diebold's claims that the audit logs could not be hacked, a chimpanzee was able to do it! (See the movie here: http://blackboxvoting.org/baxter/baxterVPR.mov.)
17. 30% of all U.S. votes are carried out on unverifiable touch screen voting machines with no paper trail.
18. All -- not some -- but all the voting machine errors detected and reported in Florida went in favor of Bush or Republican candidates.
19. The governor of the state of Florida, Jeb Bush, is the President's brother.
20. Serious voting anomalies in Florida -- again always favoring Bush -- have been mathematically demonstrated and experts are recommending further investigation.

How far can a spacecraft fly in one year?

When Deep space 1 flew past asteroid Braille on July 29, 1999, both the spacecraft and asteroid were about 188 million kilometers from Earth! How far is that? If you had a piece of yarn that long, it would weigh 80 million kilograms (about 88,000 tons), or about as much as 40 fully fueled space shuttles.That's more than enough yarn to make sweaters for every person in the United States!If you made a ball of that much yarn, it would be 100 meters (330 feet) high. That's as tall as a 32-story building or over twice the height of the Statue of Liberty!

E=mc2

2008-10-07T01:36:00.002-07:00

What hasn't Einstein's equation touched in our world?

It's difficult to separate the enormous legacy of E = mc2 from Einstein's legacy as a whole. After all, the equation grew directly out of Einstein's work on special relativity, which is a subset of what most consider his greatest achievement, the theory of general relativity. But I'm going to give it a try nevertheless.

The equation explained

First, though, a capsule explanation of "energy equals mass times the speed of light squared" might be helpful. On the most basic level, the equation says that energy and mass (matter) are interchangeable; they are different forms of the same thing. Under the right conditions, energy can become mass, and vice versa. We humans don't see them that way—how can a beam of light and a walnut, say, be different forms of the same thing?—but Nature does.
So why would you have to multiply the mass of that walnut by the speed of light to determine how much energy is bound up inside it? The reason is that whenever you convert part of a walnut or any other piece of matter to pure energy, the resulting energy is by definition moving at the speed of light. Pure energy is electromagnetic radiation—whether light or X-rays or whatever—and electromagnetic radiation travels at a constant speed of roughly 670,000,000 miles per hour.
Why, then, do you have to square the speed of light? It has to do with the nature of energy. When something is moving four times as fast as something else, it doesn't have four times the energy but rather 16 times the energy—in other words, that figure is squared. So the speed of light squared is the conversion factor that decides just how much energy lies captured within a walnut or any other chunk of matter. And because the speed of light squared is a huge number—448,900,000,000,000,000 in units of mph—the amount of energy bound up into even the smallest mass is truly mind-boggling (see The Power of Tiny Things.)
Of course, intuitively understanding that energy and matter are essentially one, as well as why and how so much energy can be wrapped up in even minute bits of matter, is another thing. And E = mc2, which focuses on matter at rest, is a simplified version of a more elaborate equation that Einstein devised, which also takes into account matter in motion (more on that in a moment). But I hope that you, like I, now have a basic comprehension with which to appreciate the equation's prodigious influence.

E = mc2 in miniature

Perhaps the equation's most far-reaching legacy is that it provides the key to understanding the most basic natural processes of the universe, from microscopic radioactivity to the big bang itself.
Radioactivity is E = mc2 in miniature. Einstein himself suspected this even as he devised the equation. In the 1905 paper in which he introduced E = mc2 to the world, he suggested that it might be possible to test his theory about the equation using radium, an ounce of which, as Marie Curie had discovered not long before, continuously emits 4,000 calories of heat per hour. Einstein believed that radium was constantly converting part of its mass to energy exactly as his equation specified. He was eventually proved right.
Today we know radioactivity to be a property possessed by some unstable elements, such as uranium, or isotopes, such as carbon 14, of spontaneously emitting energetic particles as their atomic nuclei disintegrate. They are metamorphosing mass into energy in direct accordance with Einstein's equation.
We take advantage of that realization today in many technologies. PET scans and similar diagnostics used in hospitals, for example, make use of E = mc2. "Whenever you use a radioactive substance to illuminate processes in the human body, you're paying direct homage to Einstein's insight," says Sylvester James Gates, a physicist at the University of Maryland. Many everyday devices, from smoke detectors to exit signs, also host an ongoing, invisible fireworks of E = mc2 transformations. Radiocarbon dating, which archeologists use to date ancient material, is yet another application of the formula. "The decay products that we see in carbon dating—that energy is directly obtained from the missing mass that you see in E = mc2," Gates says.

Heavenly applications

Space technologies owe much to the equation. Unceasing E = mc2 disintegrations from radioactive elements such as plutonium provide everything from power for telecommunications satellites to the heat needed to keep the Mars rovers functioning during the frigid martian winter. Space travel in the distant future may also rely on such radiation-derived power. Photons streaming out from the sun and other stars hold energy that in the vacuum of space can theoretically be harnessed to propel a spaceship. "In the far future," says David Hogg, a cosmologist at New York University, "if you imagine that we're sailing to distant stars with spaceships that are driven by radiation pressure—if that ever happens, that will be a really big legacy of Einstein's kinematics."
Kinematics is the study of motion without reference to mass or force, and it figures in a more elaborate form of Einstein's equation that—unlike plain old E = mc2, which concerns mass at rest—also takes into account mass in motion. (If you must know, it's E2 = m2c4 + p2c2, where p equals momentum.) "His bigger equation plays an enormous part in our understanding of how light works, and how energy and light can be transferred and transformed from one place to another, and that sort of thing," Gates says. "So if you consider the larger context, the part of the equation that's not in the public eye, it has an even larger legacy in science."
One application that draws on this larger equation, Gates says, is the giant neutrino detector now being built in Antarctica. Sunk deep in the ice, it will detect the eerie blue light, known as Cherenkov radiation, that is given off by neutrinos. Neutrinos are subatomic particles so lacking in mass that they pass straight through the Earth unscathed. Studying their light helps cosmologists better understand these mysterious particles and their distant sources, which may include black holes. Thus, says Gates, "as part of the equation's legacy, we'll be using the ice of Antarctica to look at neutrinos and other objects coming from outer space. And without knowing the relationship between the energy, momentum, and mass, that would be inconceivable to do. In fact, it was the use of this equation that led to the realization that neutrinos must exist."

A nuclear world

Einstein's equation also perfectly describes what's happening when we produce nuclear energy. As Arlin Crotts, a professor of astronomy at Columbia University, puts it, "our entire understanding of nuclear processes would be sort of lost without it." Fission reactors in nuclear power plants generate electricity by unlocking the energy tied up in fissionable materials. Fusion also furnishes energy from mass just as the equation posits. When two hydrogen atoms fuse to form a helium atom, the mass of the resulting helium is less than the two hydrogens, with the missing mass manifesting itself as fusion energy. Nuclear weapons, too, operate on the principle defined by the equation. Indeed, the mushroom cloud of an atomic bomb explosion is E = mc2 made visible.

“One of its legacies is very sociological: it just captures the imagination of everyone.”

The equation spawned a whole new branch of science—high-energy particle physics. Labs that work in this field thrive on E = mc2 conversions. In fact, proper design of particle accelerators, as well as analysis of the high-speed collisions within them, would be impossible without a thorough comprehension of the equation. Within accelerators, colliding particles are constantly vanishing, leaving only energy, and dollops of energy are constantly transmuting into newly fashioned particles. "Our species has repeatedly used an understanding of the equation to convert E into new forms of m that had never previously been seen," Gates says. "One of the outposts of science for the next century may well be whether the E includes super-E, and m includes super-m—new forms of energy and matter called 'super-partners.'"
A grasp of the equivalence of mass and energy also comes in handy when studying antimatter. When a particle meets its antiparticle, they annihilate eachother, leaving only a pulse of energy; by the same token, a high-energy photon can suddenly become a particle-antiparticle pair. Altogether, says Hogg, "E = mc2 has been very important in diagnosing and understanding properties of antimatter."
Einstein's formula also accounts for the heat in our planet's crust, which is kept warm by a steady barrage of E = mc2 conversions occurring within unstable radioactive elements such as uranium and thorium. "When they decay, some of the mass is lost and a little energy is created, and that keeps the crust warm," says John Rigden, a physicist at Washington University in St. Louis and author of Einstein 1905: The Standard of Greatness (Harvard, 2005). "So the temperature of the outer Earth, the crustal matter, is directly related to E = mc2."

A cosmological constant

A similar process happens far beyond Earth, inside stars. The warmth we feel from the sun, for example, is the result of the energy generated as hydrogen deep within our star continuously fuses to form helium. And stars don't stop there. When they exhaust their hydrogen, they begin to burn new fuels and create new elements, which are spewed out into the universe when the stars eventually explode, as burnt-out stars are wont to do. "The carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen that make up living organisms were baked in the innards of a star," Rigden says. "In terms of what goes on in stars, we owe our existence to E = mc2."
Einstein's equation even tells of what transpires at black holes, which can contain the mass of millions of stars. Here, E = mc2 is taking place on an astronomical—and highly efficient—scale. "In a nuclear process, you convert something like one part in 1,000 of your rest mass into energy, whereas if you fall into a black hole, you can convert something like 20, 30, 40 percent," Hogg says. "So from the point of view of the energetics of the universe, these black holes are important, because they are big converters of rest mass into energy."
On the largest scale of all—the beginning of the universe—E = mc2 is the only accepted explanation for what was going on. In the first seconds after the big bang, energy and matter went back and forth indiscriminately in exact accordance with the equation. "The description of how the big bang unfolds would be much, much different if you couldn't interconvert mass to energy," Crotts says. If it weren't for E = mc2, the universe would have ended up with a completely different collection of particles than we have now. "I'm not sure what we would have, but we definitely wouldn't be here," he says.

Intangible aspects
The equation's legacy extends into realms well beyond the scientific. David Hogg finds it very useful in teaching, for instance. "I use the equation a lot in class because it's the one equation that all students have definitely heard of," he says. "So one of its legacies is very sociological: it just captures the imagination of everyone." It also helps students remember the units of energy. "A joule is a kilogram meter squared per second squared, and the way you remember that is E = mc2," he says.
Arlin Crotts notes the world Einstein's equation opened up for us. "It just laid bare the fact that all this stuff lying around us is potentially a tremendous reservoir of energy, almost beyond the imagination, if only we could devise ways to get at it," he says. "And that's just an amazing fact." For John Rigden, the equation and Einstein's other leaps of imagination revealed how scientists can be just as visionary as artists, writers, and other "creative" types. "What he did," Rigden says, "has all the creativity in it of Absalom, Absalom or Monet's lily pads."
Jim Gates seconds that. Until Einstein's time, scientists typically would observe things, record them, then find a piece of mathematics that explained the results, he says. "Einstein exactly reverses that process. He starts off with a beautiful piece of mathematics that's based on some very deep insights into the way the universe works and then, from that, makes predictions about what ought to happen in the world. It's a stunning reversal to the usual ordering in which science is done. So that's one of the legacies, that we've learned the power of human creativity in the sciences—or, as Einstein himself might have said, 'to know the mind of God.'"
In the end, the equation's influence, on both scientific and sociological fronts, is indeed hard to separate from Einstein's influence as a whole—which, like E = mc2-derived heat from the sun, shows no sign of diminishing.

UNBELIEVABLE FACTS

2008-10-06T19:34:00.000-07:00

UNBELIEVABLE FACTS

Egg City!

Can you make an egg stand on the other length-wise? No!! But this Man could!

Not a single egg! But he had made a complete city out of it. Unbelievable? Believe it..!

Dreadfull Sounds that can Paralyse or even Kill you!!!

Hindus walking on fire ceremony

Tree Goddess(Unbelievale Art work)

Seems Real?

Its a great work of Art!!! Isn't it???

World's Largest Tounge

World's Largest (Bones) Human Skeleton

A Very BIG Chair (world's largest chair)

Unbelievable Real Big Lock & key

Unbelievable Long Nails(Longest fingernails)

A very Old 24 Cents Jenny Stamp sells for $825,000

The rare 1918 24-cent stamp, depicting an upside-down Curtis JN-4 biplane known as "Jenny," was sold privately this week to a Wall Street executive who did not want to be identified.

Human face-like Tree

This is a picture of a tree whose branches are naturally arranged in such a way that it looks like a human face!

Animal's Love!

what a lovely scene ................

Man Passing Finger through Nostril out of his Eye!!

When i got this picture i myself was first not believing that it is real but then i checked it on several fake photo detecting softwares. And to my Surprise it is 100% real.

One of the most weird photos i have ever got.

Bite your nose!

Can you bite your nose with your own teeth? NO, ofcourse not!
But this man can.

HAIRIEST Man (Most Hairs on Face)

Some unbelievable facts about ANIMALS

Duck with FOUR LEGS

World's most TILTED building

Guinness Book of Records confirmed the award after officials measured it leaning at a 5.19degree angle compared to only 3.97 degree angle at which the tower of Pisa leans.

World's most Expensive Needle

Who would have ever thought that a single needle would fetch a jaw breaking price of up to $300,000. Willard Wigan is one of the few in the world that made it happen.

Amazing facts about human body

2008-10-06T18:42:00.000-07:00

Amazing facts about human body

The Skeletal System

The largest bone is the pelvis, or hip bone. In fact it is made of six bones joined firmlytogether.

The longest bone is the 'femur', in the thigh. It makes up almost one quarter of the body'stotal height.

The smallest bone is the 'stirrup', deep in the ear. It is hardly larger than a grain of rice.

The ears and end of the nose do not have bones inside them. Their inner supports arecartilage or 'gristle', which is lighter and more flexible than bone. This is why the nose andears can be bent.

After death, cartilage rots faster than bone. This is why the skulls of skeletons have no noseor ears.

The Muscular System

There are about 60 muscles in the face. Smiling is easier than frowning. It takes 20 musclesto smile and over 40 to frown.

The longest muscle in the body is the sartorius, from the outside of the hip, down and acrossto the inside of the knee. It rotates the thigh outwards and bends the knee.

The smallest muscle in the body is the stapedius, deep in the ear. It is only 5mm long andthinner than cotton thread. It is involved in hearing.

The biggest muscle in the body is the gluteus maximus, in the buttock. It pulls the legbackwards powerfully for walking, running and climbing steps.

The Circulatory System

The heart beats around 3 billion times in the average person's life.

About 2 million blood cells die in the human body every second, and the same number areborn each second.

Within a tiny droplet of blood, there are some 5 million red blood cells, 300,000 platelets and10,000 white cells.

It takes about 1 minute for a red blood cell to circle the whole body.

Red blood cells make approximately 250,000 round trips of the body before returning to thebone marrow, where they were born, to die.

Red blood cells may live for about 4 months circulating throughout the body, feeding the 60trillion other body cells.

The Nervous System

The brain looks like a giant, wrinkled walnut.

Unlike other body cells, brain cells can not regenerate. Once brain cells are damaged theyare not replaced.

The brain and spinal cord are surrounded and protected by cerebrospinal fluid.

The Immune System

The skin secretes antibacterial substances. These substances explain why you don't wake upin the morning with a layer of mold growing on your skin - most bacteria and spores that landon the skin die quickly.

Tears and mucus contain an enzyme (lysozyme) that breaks down the cell wall of manybacteria.

Lymph nodes contain filtering tissue and a large number of lymph cells. When fighting certainbacterial infections, the lymph nodes swell with bacteria and the cells fighting the bacteria, tothe point where you can actually feel them. Swollen lymph nodes may therefore be a goodindication that you have an infection of some sort.

The Digestive System

Adults eat about 500 kg of food per year.

1.5 litres of saliva are produced each day.

The esophagus is approximately 25cm long.

Muscles contract in waves to move the food down the esophagus. This means that foodwould get to a person's stomach, even if they were standing on their head.

An adult’s stomach can hold approximately 1.5 litres of material.

Every day 11.5 litres of digested food, liquids and digestive juices flow through the digestivesystem, but only 100 mls of fluid are lost in feces.

In the mouth, food is either cooled or warmed to a more suitable temperature.

We get two sets of teeth. Our 20 'Baby Teeth’ are replaced starting at around 6-7 years ofage with our 32 ‘Adult Teeth’

The Respiratory System

At rest, the adult body takes in and breathes out about 6 litres of air each minute.

The right lung is slightly larger than the left.

Hairs in the nose help to clean the air we breathe as well as warming it.

The highest recorded "sneeze speed" is 165 km per hour.

The surface area of the lungs is roughly the same size as a tennis court.

The capillaries in the lungs would extend 1,600 kilometres if placed end to end.

We lose half a litre of water a day through breathing. This is the water vapor we see when webreathe onto glass.

A person at rest usually breathes between 12 and 15 times a minute.

The breathing rate is faster in children and women than in men.

100 AMAZING FACTS ABOUT EARTH

2008-10-06T07:02:00.000-07:00

100 AMAZING FACTS ABOUT EARTH

100 Amazing Earth Facts

by vignesh

We live on a sphere of extremes and oddities. In fact it's not really a sphere, but it is a wild planet, mottled with deadly volcanoes, rattled by killer earthquakes, drenched in disastrous deluges. But do you know which were the worst?
Some of Earth's valleys dip below sea level. Mountains soar into thin air. Can you name the lowest spot? The tallest peak? Do you know how far it is to the center of the planet or what's there?
Where are the planet's hottest, coldest, driest and windiest places?
The following list of Earth's extremes and other amazing facts is presented in Q&A format, so you can cover the answers to test your knowledge of the home planet. Sources include the U.S. Geological Survey and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, with other SPACE.com reporting.

1. What is the hottest place on Earth?
Count one wrong if you guessed Death Valley in California. True enough on many days. But El Azizia in Libya recorded a temperature of 136 degrees Fahrenheit (57.8 Celsius) on Sept. 13, 1922 -- the hottest ever measured. In Death Valley, it got up to 134 Fahrenheit on July 10, 1913.

2. And the coldest place around here?
Far and away, the coldest temperature ever measured on Earth was -129 Fahrenheit (-89 Celsius) at Vostok, Antarctica, on July 21, 1983.

3. What makes thunder?
If you thought, "Lightning!" then hats off to you. But I had a more illuminating answer in mind. The air around a lightning bolt is superheated to about five times the temperature of the Sun. This sudden heating causes the air to expand faster than the speed of sound, which compresses the air and forms a shock wave; we hear it as thunder.

4. Can rocks float?
In a volcanic eruption, the violent separation of gas from lava produces a "frothy" rock called pumice, loaded with gas bubbles. Some of it can float, geologists say. I've never seen this happen, and I'm thankful for that.

5. Can rocks grow?
Yes, but observing the process is less interesting than watching paint dry. Rocks called iron-manganese crusts grow on mountains under the sea. The crusts precipitate material slowly from seawater, growing about 1 millimeter every million years. Your fingernails grow about the same amount every two weeks.

6. How much space dust falls to Earth each year?
Estimates vary, but the USGS says at least 1,000 million grams, or roughly 1,000 tons of material enters the atmosphere every year and makes its way to Earths surface. One group of scientists claims microbes rain down from space, too, and that extraterrestrial organisms are responsible for flu epidemics. There's been no proof of this, and I'm not holding my breath.

7. How far does regular dust blow in the wind?
A 1999 study showed that African dust finds its way to Florida and can help push parts of the state over the prescribed air quality limit for particulate matter set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The dust is kicked up by high winds in North Africa and carried as high as 20,000 feet (6,100 meters), where it's caught up in the trade winds and carried across the sea. Dust from China makes its way to North America, too.

8. Where is the worlds highest waterfall?
The water of Angel Falls in Venezuela drops 3,212 feet (979 meters).

9. What two great American cities are destined to merge?
The San Andreas fault, which runs north-south, is slipping at a rate of about 2 inches (5 centimeters) per year, causing Los Angeles to move towards San Francisco. Scientists forecast LA will be a suburb of the City by the Bay in about 15 million years.

10. Is Earth a sphere?
Because the planet rotates and is more flexible than you might imagine, it bulges at the midsection, creating a sort of pumpkin shape. The bulge was lessening for centuries but now, suddenly, it is growing, a recent study showed. Accelerated melting of Earth's glaciers is taking the blame for the gain in equatorial girth.

11. What would a 100-pound person weigh on Mars?
The gravity on Mars is 38 percent of that found on Earth at sea level. So a 100-pound person on Earth would weigh 38 pounds on Mars. Based on NASA's present plans, it'll be decades before this assumption can be observationally proved, however.

12. How long is a Martian year?
It's a year long, if you're from Mars. To an earthling, it's nearly twice as long. The red planet takes 687 Earth-days to go around the Sun -- compared to 365 days for Earth. Taking into account Mars' different rotational time (see #13 below) calendars on Mars would be about 670 days long with some leap days needed to keep things square. If you find one, please mail it to me. I'm curious how they worked out the months, given they have two moons. [The initial publication of this fact mistakenly said a Mars calendar would have 687 days.]

13. How long is the average Martian day?
A Martian can sleep (or work) and extra half-hour every day compared to you. Mars days are 24 hours and 37 minutes long, compared to 23 hours, 56 minutes on Earth. A day on any planet in our solar system is determined by how long it takes the world to spin once on its axis, making the Sun appear to rise in the morning and sending it down in the evening.

14. What is the largest volcano?
The Mauna Loa volcano in Hawaii holds the title here on Earth. It rises more than 50,000 feet (9.5 miles or 15.2 kilometers) above its base, which sits under the surface of the sea. But that's all volcanic chump change. Olympus Mons on Mars rises 16 miles (26 kilometers) into the Martian sky. Its base would almost cover the entire state of Arizona.Planet building

15. What was the deadliest known earthquake?
The world’s deadliest recorded earthquake occurred in 1557 in central China. It struck a region where most people lived in caves carved from soft rock. The dwellings collapsed, killing an estimated 830,000 people. In 1976 another deadly temblor struck Tangshan, China. More than 250,000 people were killed.

16. What was the strongest earthquake in recent times?
A 1960 Chilean earthquake, which occurred off the coast, had a magnitude of 9.6 and broke a fault more than 1,000 miles (1,600 kilometers) long. An earthquake like that under a major city would challenge the best construction techniques.

17. Which earthquake was more catastrophic: Kobe, Japan or Northridge, California?
The 1994 Northridge earthquake had a magnitude of 6.7 was responsible for approximately 60 deaths, 9,000 injuries, and more than $40 billion in damage. The Kobe earthquake of 1995 was magnitude 6.8 and killed 5,530 people. There were some 37,000 injuries and more than $100 billion in economic loss.

18. How far is it to the center of the Earth?
The distance from the surface of Earth to the center is about 3,963 miles (6,378 kilometers). Much of Earth is fluid. The mostly solid skin of the planet is only 41 miles (66 kilometers) thick -- thinner than the skin of an apple, relatively speaking.

19. What is the highest mountain?
Climbers who brave Mt. Everest in the Nepal-Tibet section of the Himalayas reach 29,035 feet (nearly 9 kilometers) above sea level. Its height was revised upward by 7 feet based on measurements made in 1999 using the satellite-based Global Positioning System.

20. Has the Moon always been so close?
It used to be much closer! A billion years ago, the Moon was in a tighter orbit, taking just 20 days to go around us and make a month. A day on Earth back then was only 18 hours long. The Moon is still moving away -- about 1.6 inches (4 centimeters) a year. Meanwhile, Earth's rotation is slowing down, lengthening our days. In the distant future, a day will be 960 hours long! [Find out why]

21. Where is the lowest dry point on Earth?
The shore of the Dead Sea in the Middle East is about 1,300 feet (400 meters) below sea level. Not even a close second is Bad Water in Death Valley, California, at a mere 282 feet below sea level.

22. Good thing California isn't sinking further, right?
Actually parts of it are, which is so interesting that I snuck this non-question onto the list. In a problem repeated elsewhere in the country, the pumping of natural underground water reservoirs in California is causing the ground to sink up to 4 inches (11 centimeters) per year in places. Water and sewage systems may soon be threatened.

23. What is the longest river?
The Nile River in Africa is 4,160 miles (6,695 kilometers) long.

24. What is the most earthquake-prone state in the United States?
Alaska experiences a magnitude 7 earthquake almost every year, and a magnitude 8 or greater earthquake on average every 14 years. Florida and North Dakota get the fewest earthquakes in the states, even fewer than New York.

25. What's the driest place on Earth?
A place called Arica, in Chile, gets just 0.03 inches (0.76 millimeters) of rain per year. At that rate, it would take a century to fill a coffee cup.

26. What causes a landslide?
Intense rainfall over a short period of time can trigger shallow, fast-moving mud and debris flows. Slow, steady rainfall over a long period of time may trigger deeper, slow-moving landslides. Different materials behave differently, too. Every year as much as $2 billion in landslide damage occurs in the United States. In a record-breaking storm in the San Francisco area in January 1982, some 18,000 debris flows were triggered during a single night! Property damage was over $66 million, and 25 people died.

27. How fast can mud flow?
Debris flows are like mud avalanches that can move at speeds in excess of 100 mph (160 kph).

28. Do things inside Earth flow?
You bet. In fact, scientists found in 1999 that molten material in and around Earth's core moves in vortices, swirling pockets whose dynamics are similar to tornadoes and hurricanes. And as you'll learn later in this list, the planet's core moves in other strange ways, too.

29. What is the wettest place on Earth?
Lloro, Colombia averages 523.6 inches of rainfall a year, or more than 40 feet (13 meters). That's about 10 times more than fairly wet major cities in Europe or the United States.

30. Does Earth go through phases, like the Moon?
From Mars, Earth would be seen to go through distinct phases (just as we see Venus change phases). Earth is inside the orbit of Mars, and as the two planets travel around the Sun, sunlight would strike our home planet from different angles during the year. Earth phases can be seen in recent photographs taken by Mars Global Surveyor and the European Mars Express.

31. What is the largest canyon?
The Grand Canyon is billed as the world's largest canyon system. Its main branch is 277 miles (446 kilometers) long. But let's compare. Valles Marineris on Mars extends for about 3,000 miles (4,800 kilometers). If added it to a U.S. map, it would stretch from New York City to Los Angeles. In places this vast scar on the Martian surface is 5 miles (8 kilometers) deep.

32. What is the deepest canyon in the United States?
Over the eons, the Snake River dug Hell’s Canyon along the Oregon-Idaho border. It is more than 8,000 feet (2.4 kilometers) deep. In contrast, the Grand Canyon is less than 6,000 feet deep -- a bit more than a mile.

33. Is Earth the largest rocky planet in the solar system?
Just barely! Earth's diameter at the equator is 7,926 miles (12,756 kilometers). Venus is 7,521 miles (12,104 kilometers) wide. Mercury and Mars, the other two inner rocky planets, are much smaller. Pluto is rocky, too, but it's comparatively tiny (and some say it is not a planet at all).

34. How many of Earth’s volcanoes are known to have erupted in historic time?
About 540 volcanoes on land are known. No one knows how many undersea volcanoes have erupted through history.

35. Is air mostly oxygen?
Earth's atmosphere is actually about 80 percent nitrogen. Most of the rest is oxygen, with tiny amounts of other stuff thrown in.Venus is almost as big as Earth. Despite sweltering heat at the surface, its clouds might support life, some scientists say.

36. What is the highest waterfall in the United States?
Yosemite Falls in California is 2,425 feet (739 meters).

37. What percentage of the world’s water is in the oceans?
About 97 percent. Oceans make up about two-thirds of Earth's surface, which means that when the next asteroid hits the planet, odds are good it will splash down.

38. Which two landmasses contain the vast majority of the Earth’s fresh water supply?
Nearly 70 percent of the Earth's fresh-water supply is locked up in the icecaps of Antarctica and Greenland. The remaining fresh-water supply exists in the atmosphere, streams, lakes, or groundwater and accounts for a mere 1 percent of the Earth's total.

39. Which of the Earth’s oceans is the largest?
The Pacific Ocean covers 64 million square miles (165 million square kilometers). It is more than two times the size of the Atlantic. It has an average depth of 2.4 miles (3.9 kilometers).

40. Why is Earth mostly crater-free compared to the pockmarked Moon?
Earth is more active, in terms of both geology and weather. Much of our planet's geologic history was long ago folded back inside. Some of that is regurgitated by volcanoes, but the results are pretty hard to study. Even more recent events evident on the surface -- craters that can by millions of years old -- get overgrown by vegetation, weathered by wind and rain, and modified by earthquakes and landslides. The Moon, meanwhile, is geologically quiet and has almost no weather; its craters tell a billions-year-long tale of catastrophic collisions. Interestingly, some of the oldest Earth rocks might be awaiting discovery on the Moon, having been blasted there billions of years ago by the very asteroid impacts that rattle both worlds.

41. How much surface area does Earth contain?
There are 196,950,711 square miles (510,100,000 square kilometers).

42. What is the largest lake in the world?
By size and volume it is the Caspian Sea, located between southeast Europe and west Asia.

43. Where do most earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur on Earth?
The majority occur along boundaries of the dozen or so major plates that more or less float on the surface of Earth. One of the most active plate boundaries where earthquakes and eruptions are frequent, for example, is around the massive Pacific Plate commonly referred to as the Pacific Ring of Fire. It fuels shaking and baking from Japan to Alaska to South America.

44. How hot are the planet's innards?
The temperature of Earth increases about 36 degrees Fahrenheit (20 degrees Celsius) for every kilometer (about 0.62 miles) you go down. Near the center, its thought to be at least 7,000 degrees Fahrenheit (3,870 Celsius).

45. What three countries have the greatest number of historically active volcanoes?
The top three countries are Indonesia, Japan, and the United States in descending order of activity.

46. How many people worldwide are at risk from volcanoes?
As of the year 2000, USGS scientists estimated that volcanoes posed a tangible risk to at least 500 million people. This is comparable to the entire population of the world at the beginning of the seventeenth century!

47. Which of the following sources stores the greatest volume of fresh water worldwide: lakes, streams or ground water?
Groundwater comprises a 30 times greater volume than all freshwater lakes, and more than 3,000 times what's in the world’s streams and rivers at any given time. Groundwater is housed in natural underground aquifers, in which the water typically runs around and through the stone and other material.

48. Which earthquake was larger, the 1906 San Francisco earthquake or the 1964 Anchorage, Alaska, temblor?
The Anchorage earthquake had a magnitude of 9.2, whereas the San Francisco earthquake was a magnitude 7.8. This difference in magnitude equates to 125 times more energy being released in the 1964 quake and accounts for why the Anchorage earthquake was felt over an area of almost 500,000 square miles (1,295,000 square kilometers).

49. Which earthquake was more destructive in terms of loss of life and relative damage costs, the 1906 San Francisco earthquake or the 1964 Anchorage earthquake?
The 1906 San Francisco earthquake tops this category. It was responsible for 700 deaths versus 114 from the Anchorage earthquake. Property damage in San Francisco was also greater in relative terms due to the destructive fires that destroyed mostly wooden structures of the time.

50. Is Earth's core solid?
The inner portion of the core is thought to be solid. But the outer portion of the core appears molten. We've never been there though, so scientists aren't sure of the exact composition. A radical Hollywood-like idea was recently put forth to blow a crack in the planet and send a probe down there to learn more. An interesting bit of recent evidence shows Mars' core may be similarly squishy. Scientists figured this out by studying tides on Mars (tides on Mars?).

51. Does all of Earth spin at the same rate?
The solid inner core -- a mass of iron comparable to the size of the Moon -- spins faster than the outer portion of the iron core, which is liquid. A study in 1996 showed that over the previous century, the extra speed caused the inner core to gain a quarter-turn on the planet as a whole. So the inner core makes a complete revolution with respect to the rest of Earth in about 400 years. Immense pressure keeps it solid.

52. How many people have been killed by volcanoes during the last 500 years?
At least 300,000. Between 1980 and 1990, volcanic activity killed at least 26,000 people.

53. How much of the Earth’s surface consists of volcanic rock?
Scientists estimate that more than three-quarters of Earth’s surface is of volcanic origin-- that is, rocks either erupted by volcanoes or molten rock that cooled below ground and has subsequently been exposed at the surface. Most of Earth’s volcanic rocks are found on the sea floor.

54. Can an earthquake cause a tsunami?
If the earthquake originates under the ocean, yes. Near the earthquake’s epicenter, the sea floor rises and falls, pushing all the water above it up and down. This motion produces a wave that travels outward in all directions. A tsunami can be massive but remain relatively low in height in deep water. Upon nearing the shore, it is forced up and can reach the height of tall buildings. One in 1964 was triggered in Alaska and swamped the small northern California town of Crescent City, moving train cars several blocks and killing several people there. Asteroids can cause tsunami, too.

55. Are all tsunamis high waves when they strike a coastline?

Asteroid-generated tsunami
No, contrary to many artistic images of tsunamis, most do not result in giant breaking waves. Rather, most tsunamis come onshore more like very strong and fast tides. The water can rise higher than anyone along a given shore area has ever seen, however. [Model of an East Coast tsunami]

56. How much of the Earth’s land surface is desert?
About one-third.

57. What's the deepest place in the ocean?
The greatest known depth is 36,198 feet (6.9 miles or 11 kilometers) at the Mariana Trench, in the Pacific Ocean well south of Japan near the Mariana Islands.

58. What is the fastest surface wind ever recorded?
The fastest "regular" wind that's widely agreed upon was 231 mph (372 kph), recorded at Mount Washington, New Hampshire, on April 12, 1934. But during a May 1999 tornado in Oklahoma, researchers clocked the wind at 318 mph (513 kph). For comparison, Neptune's winds can rage to 900 mph (1,448 kph).

59. How much fresh water is stored in the Earth?
More than two million cubic miles of fresh water is stored in the planet, nearly half of it within a half-mile of the surface. Mars, too, appears to have a lot of water near its surface, but what's been detected so far is locked up as ice; nobody has estimated how much might be there.

60. How old is Earth?
Our planet is more than 4.5 billion years old, just a shade younger than the Sun. Recent evidence actually shows that Earth was formed much earlier than previously believed, just 10 million years after the birth of the Sun, a stellar event typically put at 4.6 billion years ago.

61. What is the world’s largest desert?
The Sahara Desert in northern Africa is more than 23 times the size of southern California’s Mojave Desert. [Several readers have e-mailed to suggest that arid Antarctica technically tops this category; true, some researchers put it there, but most lists of deserts don't include it.]

62. Which planet has more moons, Earth or Mars?
Mars has two satellites, Phobos and Deimos. The Earth has only one natural satellite, but it's the Moon. The outer planets have lots of Moon, most of them found fairly recently and leading to the possibility that scientists might one day need to redefine what it means to be a moon.

63. What is the world’s deepest lake?
Lake Baikal in the south central part of Siberia is 5,712 feet (1.7 kilometers) deep. It's about 20 million years old and contains 20 percent of Earth's fresh liquid water.
64. What is the origin of the word "volcano"?
It derives from Vulcan, the Roman god of fire.

65. How many minerals are known to exist?
There are roughly 4,000 known minerals, although only about 200 are of major importance. Approximately 50-100 new minerals are described each year.

66. What is the total water supply of the world?
The total water supply of the world is 326 million cubic miles (1 cubic mile of water equals more than 1 trillion gallons).

67. What is the world’s largest island?
Greenland covers 840,000 square miles (2,176,000 square kilometers). Continents are typically defined as landmasses made of low-density rock that essentially floats on the molten material below. Greenland fits this description, but it's only about one-third the size of Australia. Some scientists call Greenland an island, others say it's a continent.Moon making

68. Where are most of Earth’s volcanoes?
The most prominent topographic feature on Earth is the immense volcanic mountain chain that encircles the planet beneath the sea -- the chain is more than 30,000 miles (48,000 kilometers) long and rises an average of 18,000 feet (5.5 kilometers) above the seafloor. It is called the mid-ocean ridge and is where Earth's plates spread apart as new crust bubbles up -- volcanic activity. There are more volcanoes here than on land. The spreading, however, leads to scrunching when these plates slam into the continents. The result: More volcanoes and earthquakes in places like California and Japan.

69. What volcano killed the most people?
The eruption of Tambora volcano in Indonesia in 1815 is estimated to have killed 90,000 people. Most died from starvation after the eruption, though, because of widespread crop destruction, and from water contamination and disease.

70. Were Earth and the Moon separated at birth?
Not quite. But leading theory holds that our favorite satellite was carved partly from Earth shortly after the Earth formed. A Mars-sized object slammed into our fledgling planet. The impactor was destroyed. Stuff flew everywhere and a lot of it went into orbit around Earth. The Moon gathered itself together out of the largely vaporized remains of the collision, while Earth hung in there pretty much intact.

71. How many lightning strikes occur worldwide every second?
On average, about 100. Those are just the ones that hit the ground, though. During any given minute, there are more than a thousand thunderstorms around the Earth causing some 6,000 flashes of lightning. A lot of it goes from cloud-to-cloud.

72. Are rivers alive?
Not in the traditional sense, of course. But like all living creatures, rivers have a life span. They are born, grow in size, and they age. They can even die during the span of geological time.

73. Can asteroids create islands?
Speculation has existed for decades that ancient asteroid impacts might create hot spots of volcanic activity, which could give rise to mountains that poke up through seas that didn't used to be there. There's no firm answer to this question, but a recent computer model suggested Hawaii might have been formed in this manner.

74. Is the state of Louisiana growing or shrinking?
Louisiana loses about 30 square miles (78 square kilometers) of land each year to coastal erosion, hurricanes, other natural and human causes and a thing called subsidence, which means sinking. Much of New Orleans actually sits 11 feet (3.4 meters) below sea level. Parts of the French quarter have sunk 2 feet in the past six decades. The city is protected by dikes, but all experts agree that storm tides from a direct hit by a major hurricane would breach the system and swamp much of the city. In 2000, the director of the U.S. Geological Survey, Chip Groat, said: "With the projected rate of subsidence, wetland loss and sea-level rise, New Orleans will likely be on the verge of extinction by this time next century."Breaking up

75. How much would seas rise if the Antarctic Ice Sheet melted?
The Antarctic Ice Sheet holds nearly 90 percent of the world's ice and 70 percent of its fresh water. If the entire ice sheet were to melt, sea level would rise by nearly 220 feet, or the height of a 20-story building. Scientists know there's a melting trend underway. The United Nations has said that in a worst-case scenario -- depending on how much global air temperatures increase -- seas could jump 3 feet (1 meter) by 2100.

76. Is ice a mineral?
Yes, ice is a mineral and is formally described as such in Dana's System of Mineralogy.

77. What is the softest of all minerals?
Talc is the softest of minerals. It is commonly used to make talcum powder.

78. What is the hardest of all minerals?
The one that becomes emotionally useless after a divorce but still retains monetary value.

79. How are colors produced in fireworks?
Mineral elements taken from Earth provide the colors. Strontium yields deep reds, copper produces blue, sodium yields yellow, and iron filings and charcoal pieces produce gold sparks. Bright flashes and loud bangs come from aluminum powder.

80. Does Earth have the worst weather in the solar system?
Right now, it's the worst that most humans I know ever experience. But there's lots of wilder weather elsewhere. Mars can whip up hurricane-like storms four times bigger than Texas. Dust storms on the red planet can obscure the entire globe! Jupiter has a hurricane twice the size our entire planet, and it's lasted for at least three centuries (another storm on Jupiter is even bigger). Venus is a living hell, and Pluto is routinely more frigid than the coldest place on Earth (though may change one day, and Pluto may in fact become the last oasis for life).

81. Where are the highest tides?
In Burntcoat Head, Minas Basin, part of the Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia, tides can range 38.4 feet (11.7 meters). The bay is funnel shaped -- its bottom slopes upward continuously from the ocean inlet. The result is an extreme "tidal bore," a wave-like phenomenon at the leading edge of the changing tide. Bores in Fundy can travel up feeder rivers at 8 mph (13 kph) and be more than 3 feet (1 meter) tall.

82. Where is the world's only equatorial glacier?
Mt. Cotopaxi in Ecuador supports the only glacier on the equator.

83. What is the largest lake in North America?
Lake Superior.

84. What's the deadliest hurricane to ever hit the United States?
A Category 4 hurricane hit Galveston, Texas in 1900 and killed more than 6,000 people (read about the history of it here). The next closest death toll was less than 1,900 from a 1928 Florida hurricane.

85. What is the longest mountain chain on Earth?
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which splits nearly the entire Atlantic Ocean north to south. Iceland is one place where this submarine mountain chain rises above the sea surface.Gold rings in surprising places!

86. How much gold has been discovered worldwide to date?
More than 193,000 metric tons (425 million pounds). If you stuck it all together, it would make a cube-shaped, seven-story structure that might resemble one of Donald Trump's buildings. First you'd have to find all those rings that have gone down the drain.

87. What are the two major gold-producing countries?
South Africa produces 5,300 metric tons per year, and the United States produces more than 3,200 metric tons.

88. What North American plant can live for thousands of years?
The creosote bush, which grows in the Mojave, Sonoran, and Chihuahuan deserts, has been shown by radiocarbon dating to have lived since the birth of Christ. Some of these plants may endure 10,000 years, scientists say. If only they could talk.

89. On average, how much water is used worldwide each day?
About 400 billion gallons.

90. Is Saturn the only ringed planet?
Saturn has the most obvious rings. But Jupiter and Neptune both have subtle ring systems, [as does Uranus, readers reminded me]. And even Earth may once have been a ringed planet, the result of some space rock's glancing blow.

91. What is the highest, driest, and coldest continent on Earth?
That would be Antarctica.

92. At what depth do most earthquakes occur?
Most are triggered less than 50 miles (80 kilometers) from the Earth’s surface. Shallower earthquakes have more damage potential, but a temblor's destruction also depends largely on rock and soil conditions as well as building methods.

93. Where are the oldest rocks on Earth found?
Since the ocean floor is being continually regenerated as the continental plates move across the Earth’s surface, the oldest rocks on the ocean floor are less than 300 million years. In contrast, the oldest continental rocks are 4.5 billion years old.

94. What percentage of the world’s fresh water is stored as glacial ice?
About 70 percent. And if you had to replace it all, you'd need 60 years of the entire globe's rainfall, and then you'd have to figure out a way to freeze it all.

95. What is the largest alpine lake in North America?
Lake Tahoe on the California-Nevada border has a 105,000-acre surface, holds 39 trillion gallons of water, and is almost 1,600 feet (488 meters) deep. Fate?

96. Have there always been continents?
Not as we know them today. Many scientists figure Earth began as one huge continent -- dry as a bone. Water was delivered in comets, the thinking goes, and the oceans developed. Much more recently, all the world's landmasses were huddled into one supercontinent called Pangaea. It began to break up about 225 million years ago, eventually fragmenting into the continents as we know them today.

97. How much volcanic ash can fall in a day?
I can only give an example. During the 9-hour period of most vigorous activity on May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens dumped more than 540 million tons of ash over an area of more than 22,000 square miles (56,980 square kilometers). It was the most destructive volcanic eruption known to occur in the United States. Fifty-seven people were killed by the eruption including USGS scientist Dr. David Johnston, who was at a monitoring site 5 miles (8 kilometers) from the volcano. An estimated $1 billion damage was caused by the eruption, through mudflows and landslides as well as what fell from the sky.

98. What is feldspar?
A better question might be, "Who but a geologists could love feldspar?" It happens to be the most common mineral in Earth's crust. But I couldn't find anything about it that most of us really need to know.

99. What are the most extreme locations in the United States, compass-wise?
This one is a bit tricky, and as it turns out three or even four of the answers may catch you off guard. The westernmost point is the aptly named West Point of Amatignak Island, Alaska. The northernmost point is Point Barrow, Alaska. The southernmost point is the southern tip of the island of Hawaii. The easternmost point -- go ahead, take a guess! -- is Pochnoi Point at Semisopochnoi, Alaska. Huh? Look at a world map. The tip of the Aleutian Islands lies on the other side of the 180-degree longitude line --- the International Dateline -- putting Pochnoi Point barely but officially in the Eastern Hemisphere.

100. If you were to arrange Earth, the Moon and Mars like Matryoshka nesting dolls, how would they be ordered?
Mars would nest inside Earth, and the Moon would fit neatly inside Mars. Earth is about twice as big as Mars, which is about twice as big as the Moon.

101. Will Earth always be here?
Astronomers know that over the next few billion years, the Sun will swell so large as to envelop Earth. If we're still here, we'll probably fry and the planet will be vaporized. There's a chance, however, that the changing mass of the Sun will cause Earth to move into a more distant and pleasant orbit. One mathematical calculation shows it would be theoretically possible for humans to engineer such a move before it's too late.

TIME TRAVEL

2008-09-26T01:09:00.000-07:00

TIME TRAVEL

Physics

The equivalence of time travel and faster-than-light travel

Using massive spinning cylinders

Using Quantum Entanglement

Prophecy and theology

Articles in the News ...

New model 'permits time travel' BBC - June 17, 2005
Wormhole 'no use' for time travel BBC - May 23, 2005
Time Travel and Metaphysics

12 Around 1
Man has always sought a way to travel through time. We move through the loops of time as they spiral from reality to reality. By this is not a physical event more the movement of consciousness through a matrix of grid realities that has not boundaries. Reality is a virtual learning experience in which linear time is used to create programs of emotions.
Reality looks much like the Slinky Effect'
in which all experiences are happening simultaneously.
Reality is created by a consciousness program that we call source or god or whatever definition you wish to give to this creational energies. In third dimension, this source of white light projected a program in which it experiences - in which we all experience. the based was based on a geometry as all things in 3D follow the same patterns that merely repeat in patterns over and over and are called time.
From that consciousness - 12 pyramids of light burst forth surrounding that source creational consciousness.
The source created what you might call a programs of experience, which it projected - as in in rays of light - to the 12 pyramids. They in turn connect with each other and to the source (the Spider Web Effect).
They create a matrix, grid, hall of record, akashic record, in which the sources could experience.
The source created sparks of light made of the same 'matter' as itself, therefore all souls experience from the same source and remain connected to it.
The Matrix multiplies into an endless number of programs, based on sound, light and color frequencies. Everything is about energy and frequency brought forth in different realities of experience. The souls are now free to wander the grids as if within the slinky - experiencing in one or more places.
There is a reality called 'third dimension' which is near the bottom of the spiral. It is created by synchronicistic movements - as if the gears of of a watch - which work together to bring movement and reality.
Third dimension is created electromagnetic energies - meaning they have polarity - the positive and negative - opposites - duality - male/female - yin/yang, etc.
Third dimension - 3D - references pyramidal energies - 3. Time, and the apparent movement of time, is connected to the number 12 - which is 1+2 =3 - or third dimension.

If you take the shape to the pyramid -triangle and place a matching opposite on top so that their apexes touch, you have the hourglass.
This represents 'As is above, so is below.' Emerald Tablets of Thoth.Hermes Trismegistus (three)
Three is the number that allows things to come manifest in physical expression - as you are combining sound, light and color frequencies to create a reality. To become invisible you remove one of these ingredients removing your experience from the concet of Time.
This is more easily understood when considering dreamtime, meditation, or remote viewing, in which the concept of Time no longer exists.
In our present timeline the concept of Time appears to most of us to be moving faster.
The 'gears' that create the illusion of time are breaking down - like gears on a watch slowing down as the battery that supplies their EM energies is running out.
If you view this as through the Slinky Effect - the bottom of the slinky is loosing its integrity, thus soul consciousness is moving out of third dimension into a higher spiral or loop.
As time slows down - it appears to us that it is escalating. The collapse of the synchronicity-time grids moves us into faster-higher moving frequencies - so time appears to move faster. If you feel time is 'fleeting' you are moving up the spiral of consciousness 'right on cue'.
Many of us are actually experiencing unexplained temporal anomalies - missing time - that has nothing to do with mind control, mental illness, nor alien abductions. those of us who work with Time - can see the the loops (hiccups) that occur all the time.
Time and physical reality are not fixed. They are static appearing fuild - oftne referred to as the collective flow of the unconscious mind.
Now the question arises - how do we - in third dimension - take out boides with us through physical space and time? Some say time travel can be accomplished by shifting one's conscious. Others say it can be done with a device of some kind.

The objective being - to consciously be aware of the experience and to be able to manipulate it at the physical level. This involves the study of Quantum Physics.
During World War II both the Nazis and the Americans experimented with time travel. The Philadelphia Experiment - originally an invisibility project - involved travel through both time and space. Supposedly a naval battle ship mved through time and space from 1943 - to 1983 - then back to 1943 - their 'point of origin' - yet in a fluid reality that 'point of orgin' must be compensated for as it changes. The results of the experiment were horrific. Personally, I know of no one who has successfully built a time machine that can take them back and forth through time - though I am sure it can be done. There are interdimensional portals / vortexes on the physical planet - particularly at the major grid points - where one can travel in time - but these are not controlled experiences. These grids points are based on the geometry of the planet and follow the same patterns as everything else in our current 3D Experience / Program. Example: The Bermuda Triangle.
Time - Clocks - Gears - Digits that repeat in patterns

Cycles of Time - Synchronicity - Sacred Geometry

HOW WAS EARTH FORMED?

2008-09-26T00:48:00.000-07:00

HOW WAS EARTH FORMED?

Planet Earth was formed 4.6 billion years ago from the same nebula cloud of gas and dust that the Sun and the other planets were formed (similar to the one pictured to the left). However, Earth then was very different from Earth now, and it would have been impossible for life to exist on it. In fact, it is only quite recently in the Earth's 4,600,000,000 year long life that life, resembling modern-day life, has been possible, first with the dinosaurs over 200,000,000 years ago and now with humans and other animals. The Earth is still being formed now. It still has a molten centre which causes volcanoes to ocassionally erupt, and plates on the surface are constantly "swimming" meaning that they collide with other plates and cause earthquakes. On this page, we will look at how Earth settled to become like the planet it is now.

4,000,000,000 Years Ago

This is an artist's impression of what Earth looked like 4 billion years ago. The planet has no oxygen in its atmosphere and no ozone layer, so poisonous ultraviolet rays from the Sun hit the surface directly. The molten centre of the planet is still extremely hot, and volcanoes erupt constantly, forming the mountains and landscapes of the planet. Water droplets, contained in the planet's atmosphere, cannot settle as liquid or ice because the surface is so hot.

1,000,000,000 Years Ago

The planet has cooled and volcanic eruptions are less common. Water is now allowed to settle, and forms oceans. Green algae forms in the water, which photosynthesises and produces oxygen which is put into the air. The oxygen forms a layer of ozone which protects the Earth from poisonous ultraviolet rays from the Sun. Land drifts apart to begin forming continents.

400,000,000 Years Ago

Life begins developing in the form of trees and plants. These produce more oxygen. Earth has a cooler temperature, with changeable weather. This weather (rain, snow, wind, frost) causes the tops of the ancient volcanoes to wear away, creating lower ground. Dinosaurs eventually develop, ruling the planet. Flowers are later formed, along with insects.

65,000,000 Years Ago

Life was wiped off the face of the planet! It is believed that a huge meteorite hit the Earth's surface, causing clouds of dust which suffocated the dinosaurs and other creatures on the planet. Conditions on the planet were suffocating as poisonous chemicals were unable to leave the planet's atmosphere, and life-giving energy from the Sun could not enter. After settling again, the Earth was suitable for life, an the ancestors of human beings developed.

Today

Earth is still developing. Volcanoes still erupt, the earth still shakes, weather still forms landscapes. Creatures evolve. Some die out, some develop. The creatures that die out do so because they are not suitable for the planet's current conditions. Creatures that survive and flourish do so because they are more adapted to the new conditions. Nobody knows what the future holds. The air is becoming more polluted, and the temperature on the planet is gradually increasing. Earth's protective ozone is wearing away. Earth remains a target for meteors, comets and asteroids travelling through space. There is always a chance that one may hit the planet eventually and destroy life as we know it. Perhaps, the planet will be reborn again as the dust settles.

Origin of Life

2008-09-26T00:25:00.000-07:00

Origin of Life - Spontaneous GenerationFor millennia,

the Origin of Life was thought to be the result of Abiogenesis (also known as "Spontaneous Generation"). The doctrine of Spontaneous Generation holds that organic life could and does arise from inorganic matter. As late as the 17th century, there were recipes to "create" life. Take sweaty rags, wrap them around wheat, and set them in an open jar. In 21 days, you'll "create" mice. For rats, just throw garbage in the street. In a few days, rats will take the place of the garbage. All over the world, in Europe, Asia, Africa and the Americas, mankind was formulating recipes for "creating" bees, lice, scorpions, maggots, worms, frogs, etc. In 1668, Francesco Redi publicly opposed the idea of Spontaneous Generation. While it was generally accepted that rotting meat generated maggots, Redi disagreed. He maintained that maggots hatched from eggs laid by flies. To test his hypothesis, Redi performed one of the first known experiments to utilize a "control group." Thus began both the death of Spontaneous Generation and the birth of the modern era of scientific development. Redi placed meat in three flasks -- one open, one sealed and one covered with gauze. Maggots appeared in the open flask, as the flies were able to reach the meat. Maggots did not appear in the sealed flask or the flask covered by gauze. At the time, this experiment was not thought to disprove Spontaneous Generation. It merely proved that maggots did not come from meat.
Origin of Life - Louis Pasteur

Spontaneous Generation was thought to be the Origin of Life until the late 1850's. It wasn't until Frenchman Louis Pasteur that this fallacy was finally disproved. In 1859, the French Academy of Science sponsored a Science Fair, the goal being to prove or disprove Spontaneous Generation. Young Pasteur's award winning experiment was a clever variation of earlier experiments performed by John Needham (1713-1781) and Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799). Pasteur filled a long necked flask with meat broth. He then heated the glass neck and bent it into an "S" shape. Air could reach the broth, but gravity acted to trap airborne microorganisms in the curve of the neck. He then boiled the broth. After a time, no microorganisms had formed in the broth. When the flask was tipped so that the broth reached the microorganisms trapped in the neck, the broth quickly became cloudy with microscopic life. Thus, Pasteur disproved Spontaneous Generation. Furthermore, Pasteur proved that some microorganisms are airborne.
Origin of Life - Origin of Species and Modern Day Science Class

Spontaneous Generation was disproved as the Origin of Life in 1859. Ironically, it was this same year that Charles Darwin's Origin of Species was published. From this work arose the modern evolutionary movement, which is now thought to have occurred in six phases: (1) Cosmic Evolution (the origin of space, time, matter and energy from nothing); (2) Chemical Evolution (the development of the higher elements from hydrogen); (3) Stellar and Planetary Evolution (the origin of stars and planets); (4) Organic Evolution (the origin of organic life from a rock); (5) Macro Evolution (the origin of major kinds); and (6) Micro Evolution (the variation within the kinds). Only the sixth phase has been observed and documented. The first five are merely assumed. Interestingly, the fourth assumption is the old doctrine of Spontaneous Generation - organic life developing from inorganic matter (a rock). The sadly comical result is that some modern day textbooks devote a chapter to the work of Francesco Redi and Louis Pasteur, and their success in disproving Spontaneous Generation. Then, a few chapters later, school kids are taught that Spontaneous Generation is the Origin of Life.

Origin of Life - Evolutionary Theory

Why are children taught Spontaneous Generation as the Origin of Life, despite the apparent contradiction to empirical science? The fallacy continues in the textbooks mainly due to the efforts of a few zealous and influential evolutionists. They have been quite successful in blatantly ignoring this issue. Besides Spontaneous Generation, evolutionists continue to avoid several other problems with their theory. Here are just two significant examples: (1) Cosmic Evolution (the first assumption listed above), also known as the "Big Bang," is not an acceptable theory of Origins. The Big Bang Theory does not explain the uneven distribution of original matter that results in "voids" and "clumps", nor can it explain the reality of retrograde motion without violating the Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum. Furthermore, the Big Bang does not address the major question, "where did everything come from?" Did nothing explode? How did this explosion cause order, while every explosion observed in actual history causes only disorder and disarray? Consequently, the Big Bang also violates two out of three Laws of Thermodynamics. (2) Macro Evolution (the fifth assumption listed above) has been refuted by the lack of transitional fossils in the fossil record, and the harmful trend of genetic mutation (a beneficial mutation is yet to be observed). Actually, none of the five assumed evolutionary phases amount to anything more than "fairy tales," and imagination has no part in science. The result is that many modern day science classes don't educate our children, they indoctrinate them.
Origin of Life - Notable Quotes

Here are a few illuminating quotes that illustrate the controversy regarding the Evolutionary Model for the Origin of Life:
"I myself am convinced that the theory of evolution, especially the extent to which it's been applied, will be one of the great jokes in the history books of the future. Posterity will marvel that so flimsy and dubious an hypothesis could be accepted with the incredible credulity that it has." Malcolm Muggeridge, journalist and philosopher (Pascal Lectures, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada).
"Scientists who go about teaching that evolution is a fact of life are great con-men, and the story they are telling may be the greatest hoax ever. In explaining evolution, we do not have one iota of fact." Dr. T. N. Tahmisian, Atomic Energy Commission, USA.
"Darwinian science inevitably will, and should have, legal, political and moral consequences." L. Tiger, an anthropologist at Rutgers (as presented in Scientific American, October 1995, pg. 181).

2008-09-25T23:50:00.000-07:00

Origin of the Universe - Theism vs. Atheism

In general, theists attribute the origin of the universe to some sort of transcendent, intelligent Designer. Atheists envision a natural, undirected process by which universes spring into existence spontaneously. Prior to the 20th century most atheists believed the universe was eternal. This changed however as discoveries throughout the 20th Century rendered that view untenable. Einstein’s theory of gravity (which has been thoroughly validated by extensive experimental confirmation) and Hubble’s astronomical observations preclude an eternal universe. We now know beyond a reasonable doubt that the universe began at some point in the finite past. Now we understand that there are only two legitimate options for the origin of the universe:

(1) Someone made the universe (Intelligent Design), or
(2) The universe made itself (Random Chance).

The third option, the universe has always been here, is no longer a feasible alternative -- it contradicts empirical science. No other scientifically plausible theories for the origin of the universe have ever been proposed. The implications of various 20th century discoveries have put atheists in an awkward position. Logic now requires that they identify an uncontrolled mechanism by which the universe could have initiated, designed, created and developed itself without an Intelligent Director. Otherwise, intellectual honesty requires the necessity of a Creator God.

Origin of the Universe - The Big Bang Theory
So began the effort to propose an atheistic mechanism for the origin of the universe. Enter the Big Bang Theory and Darwinian Evolution. The original Big Bang Theory seeks to explain the sudden appearance of everything from nothing, while Darwinian Evolution seeks to explain the origin of complex life forms from their supposed simpler ancestors. The premise of the Big Bang is that the entire universe was compacted into a teeny tiny little ball, which, after randomly coming into existence for no apparent reason in the first place, exploded into all space, time, matter and energy in an instant. Yes, that's the theory. No Ph.D. required. Origin of the Universe - The Inflation Universe Theories
The Big Bang Theory provided an atheistic explanation for the origin of the universe, but its obvious simplicity was subject to multiple attacks. As a result, the original theory is no longer the dominant scientific explanation for the atheistic origin of the universe. While the original Big Bang Theory is now "dead," from its ashes have emerged the various Inflationary Universe Theories (IUTs). Starting with Alan Guth in the late 1990's (The Inflationary Universe: The Quest for a New Theory of Cosmic Origins), the scientific community has now proposed roughly 50 different IUT variants. Scientists hope that one of the current IUTs will sire an accurate reconstruction of the birth of our universe, though it is universally acknowledged that all of the current IUTs have their problems. It seems the only way to get realistic calculations to match an IUT model is to make assumptions that are poorly justified.
Origin of the Universe - Post "Bang" Problems
The IUTs are essentially no better an attempt to explain the origin of the universe without God than the Big Bang. The primary differences between the IUTs and the original Big Bang Theory are really pre-bang explanations. What happened just prior to the explosion? What happened during the first millisecond of the explosion? For instance, some of the IUTs have included a concept called the 'epoch of inflation' to explain the dynamic first millisecond after the Bang. However, the basic premise of all these theory variants is the same -- the universe was compacted into a little cosmic ball that subsequently exploded with a big bang into everything that exists today. Thus, the IUTs share the same post-bang problems that plague the original Big Bang Theory. These problems include violations of established Natural Laws, such as:
(i) The Law of Causality (observed effects require a related cause),

(ii) The Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum (observed phenomena like retrograde motion in our solar system are impossible without an intervening cause), and

(iii) The Laws of Thermodynamics (Conservation of Matter/energy and Increased Entropy). In addition, the Big Bang/iUTs are unable to explain a limitless list of other issues related to cosmological, chemical, stellar, planetary and biological causation, order and design. Where did all that matter and energy come from in the first place? What caused its initial release? How did this explosion of everything (from nothing) order itself? How can simplicity become complexity? Where did the chemical elements come from? Where did the mathematical laws and physical properties come from? How do we explain the fine-tuning inherent in spiral galaxies, solar systems and stars? How do you explain the existence of both voids and clumps in our cosmos? Where did the first rock come from? How did life come from a rock? Where did the information code for all biologic forms come from? Where did the language convention that interprets that code come from?…

Origin of the Universe - Long Ago and Far Away...
Attempts to exclude a Creator from the "origin of the universe equation" have been long on theoretical calculations and short on common sense. The various models merely move the questions of where, why and how did everything get here to "long ago and far away." Atheists are tenacious in their efforts to ignore the necessity of a First Cause, Intelligent Designer, Creator God. But as Aldous Huxley put it so eloquently, "Facts do not cease to exist because they are ignored." And it seems that atheists must ignore a great deal in order to maintain their atheistic cosmogonic position. Is the entire universe really the result of an accidental explosion of nothing? Is the design and irreducible complexity of all living systems really the result of random chance? Where is the so-called "evolutionary mechanism"? 21st century "science" has declared that anything sounding "supernatural" is entirely off limits. Yet, by common sense definition, "science" based on the Big Bang and IUTs must suspend and/or violate established natural laws. In effect, atheistic science must use "supernatural" means to justify its atheistic presupposition. Prior to the last 150 years, and the recent campaign to exclude God in the scientific fields, scientists as a general rule believed in God. As a matter of fact, the founders of a majority of the scientific disciplines were Theists. These men took pride in the idea that they were "thinking God's thoughts after Him." Please consider these final thoughts... If everything is an accident, there's no reason to figure anything out. If everything is futile, purpose is an imaginary concept. But if everything was created, and if everything has a purpose, shouldn't it be the underlying goal of all mankind to discover that Creator and find that purpose? And so we endeavor to discover our Creator and fulfill our purpose, while using science as merely one of our tools.

Big Bang Theory

2008-09-25T23:29:00.001-07:00

Big Bang Theory - The Premise

The Big Bang theory is an effort to explain what happened at the very beginning of our universe. Discoveries in astronomy and physics have shown beyond a reasonable doubt that our universe did in fact have a beginning. Prior to that moment there was nothing; during and after that moment there was something: our universe. The big bang theory is an effort to explain what happened during and after that moment.
According to the standard theory, our universe sprang into existence as "singularity" around 13.7 billion years ago. What is a "singularity" and where does it come from? Well, to be honest, we don't know for sure. Singularities are zones which defy our current understanding of physics. They are thought to exist at the core of "black holes." Black holes are areas of intense gravitational pressure. The pressure is thought to be so intense that finite matter is actually squished into infinite density (a mathematical concept which truly boggles the mind). These zones of infinite density are called "singularities." Our universe is thought to have begun as an infinitesimally small, infinitely hot, infinitely dense, something - a singularity. Where did it come from? We don't know. Why did it appear? We don't know.
After its initial appearance, it apparently inflated (the "Big Bang"), expanded and cooled, going from very, very small and very, very hot, to the size and temperature of our current universe. It continues to expand and cool to this day and we are inside of it: incredible creatures living on a unique planet, circling a beautiful star clustered together with several hundred billion other stars in a galaxy soaring through the cosmos, all of which is inside of an expanding universe that began as an infinitesimal singularity which appeared out of nowhere for reasons unknown. This is the Big Bang theory.
Big Bang Theory - Common Misconceptions

There are many misconceptions surrounding the Big Bang theory. For example, we tend to imagine a giant explosion. Experts however say that there was no explosion; there was (and continues to be) an expansion. Rather than imagining a balloon popping and releasing its contents, imagine a balloon expanding: an infinitesimally small balloon expanding to the size of our current universe.
Another misconception is that we tend to image the singularity as a little fireball appearing somewhere in space. According to the many experts however, space didn't exist prior to the Big Bang. Back in the late '60s and early '70s, when men first walked upon the moon, "three British astrophysicists, Steven Hawking, George Ellis, and Roger Penrose turned their attention to the Theory of Relativity and its implications regarding our notions of time. In 1968 and 1970, they published papers in which they extended Einstein's Theory of General Relativity to include measurements of time and space.1, 2 According to their calculations, time and space had a finite beginning that corresponded to the origin of matter and energy."3 The singularity didn't appear in space; rather, space began inside of the singularity. Prior to the singularity, nothing existed, not space, time, matter, or energy - nothing. So where and in what did the singularity appear if not in space? We don't know. We don't know where it came from, why it's here, or even where it is. All we really know is that we are inside of it and at one time it didn't exist and neither did we.
Big Bang Theory - Evidence for the Theory

What are the major evidences which support the Big Bang theory?

First of all, we are reasonably certain that the universe had a beginning.

Second, galaxies appear to be moving away from us at speeds proportional to their distance. This is called "Hubble's Law," named after Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) who discovered this phenomenon in 1929. This observation supports the expansion of the universe and suggests that the universe was once compacted.

Third, if the universe was initially very, very hot as the Big Bang suggests, we should be able to find some remnant of this heat. In 1965, Radioastronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discovered a 2.725 degree Kelvin (-454.765 degree Fahrenheit, -270.425 degree Celsius) Cosmic Microwave Background radiation (CMB) which pervades the observable universe. This is thought to be the remnant which scientists were looking for. Penzias and Wilson shared in the 1978 Nobel Prize for Physics for their discovery.

Finally, the abundance of the "light elements" Hydrogen and Helium found in the observable universe are thought to support the Big Bang model of origins.

Big Bang Theory - The Only Plausible Theory?

Is the standard Big Bang theory the only model consistent with these evidences? No, it's just the most popular one. Internationally renown Astrophysicist George F. R. Ellis explains: "People need to be aware that there is a range of models that could explain the observations….For instance, I can construct you a spherically symmetrical universe with Earth at its center, and you cannot disprove it based on observations….You can only exclude it on philosophical grounds. In my view there is absolutely nothing wrong in that. What I want to bring into the open is the fact that we are using philosophical criteria in choosing our models. A lot of cosmology tries to hide that."4
In 2003, Physicist Robert Gentry proposed an attractive alternative to the standard theory, an alternative which also accounts for the evidences listed above.5 Dr. Gentry claims that the standard Big Bang model is founded upon a faulty paradigm (the Friedmann-lemaitre expanding-spacetime paradigm) which he claims is inconsistent with the empirical data. He chooses instead to base his model on Einstein's static-spacetime paradigm which he claims is the "genuine cosmic Rosetta." Gentry has published several papers outlining what he considers to be serious flaws in the standard Big Bang model.6 Other high-profile dissenters include Nobel laureate Dr. Hannes Alfvén, Professor Geoffrey Burbidge, Dr. Halton Arp, and the renowned British astronomer Sir Fred Hoyle, who is accredited with first coining the term "the Big Bang" during a BBC radio broadcast in 1950.
Big Bang Theory - What About God?

Any discussion of the Big Bang theory would be incomplete without asking the question, what about God? This is because cosmogony (the study of the origin of the universe) is an area where science and theology meet. Creation was a supernatural event. That is, it took place outside of the natural realm. This fact begs the question: is there anything else which exists outside of the natural realm? Specifically, is there a master Architect out there? We know that this universe had a beginning. Was God the "First Cause"? We won't attempt to answer that question in this short article. We just ask the question:
Does God Exist?

THE FORMATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

2008-09-25T21:42:00.000-07:00

THE FORMATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

Nobody knows for sure how the universe, its galaxies and their many millions of solar systems formed. We do have ways of looking back in time (in fact, every time we look at the Sun, we are looking eight minutes back in time!). This is because it takes light eight minutes to travel from the Sun to Earth. More distant stars may be hundreds of light years away, so when we look at them, we are seeing them as they were hundreds of years ago. However, we are not yet able to look back in time far enough to see how the universe actually began. But, we are able to watch the formation of other stars and know that, millions of years ago, the Sun began its life in a similar way.
Stars are born in swirlling clouds of dust and gas called nebulae. The tiny particles (called "matter") of this huge cloud combine with each other, forming a large star at the centre and planets surrounding it. It is believed that the Solar System, with its Sun, planets, moons, comets, asteroids and meteors formed in a similar way. To demonstrate the formation of a Solar System, join myself and my dog, Bobsdog, in our Cosmic Kitchen.

COOKERY WITH BOB THE ALIEN

Right, here we are in our Cosmic Kitchen. Today, we're going to make a Solar System. This will only take a few billion years, but I'm sure the results will be worth the wait. Once we've done that, I'll tell you how to make Shepherds Pie.
Today's Recipe: A Solar System. Tomorrow's Recipe: Shepherds Pie
Ingredients: Billions of billions of billions of tiny particles of dust, ice, rock, liquids and gases. These can be found anywhere, so there's no need to go searching around for years for them. In fact, you're probably surrounded by them right now without realising it!
Cooking time: Approximately 5 billion years

Cooking Instructions:

STEP ONE: Find an outer edge of a galaxy. Make sure you have plenty of space. About 5,000,000,000,000 kilometres wide should be just enough for an average-sized solar system. Spread the mixture of the ingredients (mentioned above) out evenly in this space. Call this mixture a nebula. The pull of the galactical centre of the galaxy should begin the process of stirring the particles in the nebula cloud. So, no need for a whisk! Below is what your mixture should look like by now.
STEP TWO: After a few million years, the moving particles of your nebula should start joining together with other moving particles. You will notice that most of the particles will join together with particles near the middle of the mixture. This is because the centre of the mixture has a strong gravitational pull, strengthened by the constant addition of little particles. The more particles in the centre, the stronger the gravtiational pull. Then, more particles are attracted. Below is what your Solar System should look like by now:

STEP THREE: Heat of the mixture, especially at the centre, begins to increase as more particles get added to it. Eventually, mixture will get so hot at centre that the ball of particles will glow. This is the beginning of your new young star, which will be the centre point of your solar system. Cooking temperature at centre of this star will now be about 10,000,000 degrees celcius. Keep temperature about here and decrease after a while to create a star which could have nine planets orbiting it, maybe one of them with life. Decrease temperature immediately to prolong life of star, but cause it not to have enough heat to power a solar system properly. Or, increase temperature, creating a huge Blue Giant, shining blue, but causing it to have a shorter shelf-life (lasting only about one million years!).
STEP FOUR: While star is cooking at centre of solar system, monitor process of rest of solar system. Notice that your early nebula cloud is becoming less cloud-like and more separated into chunks. Notice how particles gather near the part between your star and the edge of the solar system, forming large balls of gas, although not large enough to be stars. Notice also that, between these and your new star, particles are gathering to form smaller, rockier worlds. You will name these objects planets. These planets all seem to spin round the star at the centre, with bigger clumps of dust smashing into them all the time.
STEP FIVE: As star brightens and gives off heat, cool down cooking temperature. This will cool down the temperature of the newly-formed planets, which have now begun orbiting the new star. These new planets are also now large enough to have strong gravitational pulls of their very own, causing smaller collections of particles to spin around them. These smaller collections of particles will be known as moons.
STEP SIX: After about 4 to 4.5 billion years, ensure that star is about average temperature. This means that it is causing temperatures at its nearest planet to be around 350°c and temperatures at its most distant planet to be around -230°c. Also ensure that all planets are spread out so that they have interesting individual features, so that people designing websites about them in the future can have something interesting to say about each one.
STEP SEVEN: After about 5 billion years, all planets should be settled in an orbit around the star, about half way through its age before it passes its best-before date. Some planets will still be forming, and so will some of their moons. Some may even have things living on them. It all depends on how the gases mixed together during the early cookery process.

By now, you should have your very own working Solar System. Eventually, the temperature of your star at the centre of it will burn up and swell into a red giant. This star will become so big that it will swallow the Inner Planets of your Solar System, but heat up any Outer Planets. Eventually, you'll run out of gas and the star will cool down, becoming a white dwarf, being smaller and cooler than it was once during its life time. As it cools further, it'll become a black dwarf or, if it was once a supergiant (a supernova), explode, fling out its gassy contents, and become an invisible pull of gravity, or Black Hole, sucking in the mass around it. This means that, once you've finished with your star, it'll vacuum up its own solar system, saving you the responsibility! Below is a picture of the explosion caused by a supernova (a star collapsing in on itself)

How did the Earth Get Here?

2008-09-25T21:05:00.000-07:00

How did the Earth Get Here?

Clues to the Formation of the Solar System:

Inner planets are small and dense.

Outer planets are large and have low density.

Satellites of the outer planets are made mostly of ices .

Cratered surfaces are everywhere in the Solar System.

Saturn has such a low density that it can't be solid anywhere.

Formation of the Earth by accretion:
Initial solar nebula consists of mixtures of grains (rock) and ices. The initial ratio is about 90% ices and 10% grains
The sun is on so there is a temperature gradient in this mixture:
In the inner part of the solar system, only things which exist as a solid at high temperature are available (so how come there is so much water on the earth? -- answer later)
So in the inner part of the solar system you can only make a rocky planet via acretion of grains.
In the outer part of the solar system, ices can exist so you can make larger planets out of the more abundant ices
Jupiter (mostly H and He) formed in a manner similar to the Sun, that is not by accretion. Note that Jupiter can never become a star. A star is a ball of gas sufficiently hot to excite nuclear reactions .
The minimum mass require for this is about 8% the mass of the Sun. Jupiter's mass is an order of magnitude below this limit. Jupiter will never be a star.

Jupiter has a large mass and perturbs orbits of objects near them. There were lots of these objects scattered between Jupiter and Pluto.
Jupiter redirected some of this cometary material into the inner solar system and most of the earth's water was delivered through comet bombardment (therefore would we be here without Jupiter?)
Steps in the accretion process :
Step 1: accretion of cm sized particles

Step 2: Physical Collision on km scale

Step 3: Gravitational accretion on 10-100 km scale Step 4: Molten protoplanet from the heat of accretion
Final step is differentiation of the earth: Light objects float; heavy objects sink. Iron-Nickel Core (magnetic field) and oxygen-silicon crust
In the outer part of the solar system, the same 4 step process of accretion occurred but it was accretion of ices (cometisemals) instead of grains.

Things to note about the formation of planets via accretion

There is a lot of heat dissipated in the final accretion process resulting in initially molten objects

Any molten object of size greater than about 500 km has sufficient gravity to cause gravitational separation of light and heavy elements thus producing a differentiated body

The accretion process is inefficient, there is lots of left over debris.

In the inner part of the solar system, the leftover rocky debris cratered the surfaces of the newly formed planets.

In the outer part of the solar system, much of the leftover rocky debris was ejected from the solar system due to the large masses of the planets which formed there. Some of this material was ejected into a large "Comet Cloud" which has a distance of about 100,000 AU from the Sun and some of the leftover debris ( beyond Pluto) could not be ejected (as it was far away from Uranus and Neptune) and hence remained there. This material is known as the Kuiper Belt and it was recently discovered by the Hubble Space Telescope
More information on the Kuiper belt and the kinds of objects that are located there can be found here
The asteroid belt represents a relic of the accretion process. A planet tried to form in that location but the gravitational influence of the large mass planet Jupiter was sufficient to accelerate the material there to high velocity. High velocity collisions between chunks of rocks cause them to be shattered and indeed, over the history of the solar system, the sizes of the largest asteroids are decreasing. The asteroid belt is not the remains of a planet that was blown up by the Death Star.

How Old Is the Earth?

2008-09-25T20:52:00.000-07:00

How Old Is the Earth ?

In the very beginning of earth's history, this planet was a giant, red hot, roiling, boiling sea of molten rock - a magma ocean. The heat had been generated by the repeated high speed collisions of much smaller bodies of space rocks that continually clumped together as they collided to form this planet. As the collisions tapered off the earth began to cool, forming a thin crust on its surface. As the cooling continued, water vapor began to escape and condense in the earth's early atmosphere. Clouds formed and storms raged, raining more and more water down on the primitive earth, cooling the surface further until it was flooded with water, forming the seas.
It is theorized that the true age of the earth is about 4.6 billion years old, formed at about the same time as the rest of our solar system. The oldest rocks geologists have been able to find are 3.9 billion years old. Using radiometric dating methods to determine the age of rocks means scientists have to rely on when the rock was initially formed (as in - when its internal minerals first cooled). In the infancy of our home planet the entire earth was molten (melted) rock, a magma ocean.
Since we can only measure as far back in time as we had solid rock on this planet, we are limited in how we can measure the real age of the earth. Due to the forces of plate tectonics, our planet is also a very dynamic one; new mountains forming, old ones wearing down, volcanoes melting and reshaping new crust. The continual changing and reshaping of the earth's surface that involves the melting down and reconstructing of old rock has pretty much eliminated most of the original rocks that came with earth when it was newly formed. So the age is a theoretical age.
When Did Life on Earth Begin?
Scientists are still trying to unravel one of the greatest mysteries of earth: When did "life" first appear and how did it happen? It is estimated that the first life forms on earth were primitive, one-celled creatures that appeared about 3 billion years ago. That's pretty much all there was for about the next two billion years. Then suddenly those single celled organisms began to evolve into multicellular organisms. Then an unprecedented profusion of life in incredibly complex forms began to fill the oceans. Some crawled from the seas and took residence on land, perhaps to escape predators in the ocean. A cascading chain of new and increasingly differentiated forms of life appeared all over the planet, only to be virtually annihilated by an unexplained mass extinction. It would be the first of several mass extinctions in Earth's history.

Where do Gemstones come from?
Scientists have been looking increasingly to space to explain these mass extinctions that have been happening almost like clockwork since the beginning of "living" time. Perhaps we've been getting periodically belted by more space rocks (ie. asteroids), or the collision of neutron stars happening too close for comfort? Each time a mass extinction occurred, life found a way to come back from the brink. Life has tenaciously clung to this small blue planet for the last three billion years. Scientists are finding new cues as to how life first began on earth in some really interesting places - the deep ocean.

Checking the Fossil Record

Scientists have studied rocks using radiometric dating methods to determine the age of earth. Another really cool thing they've found in rocks that tells us more about the story of earth's past are the remains of living creatures that have been embedded in the rocks for all time. We call these fossils. It has been the careful study of earth's fossil record that has revealed the exciting picture about the kinds of creatures that once roamed this planet. Fossilized skeletons of enormous creatures with huge claws and teeth, ancient ancestors of modern day species (such as sharks) that have remained virtually unchanged for millions of years, and prehistoric jungles lush with plant life, all point to a profusion of life and a variety of species that continues to populate the earth, even in the face of periodic mass extinctions.
By studying the fossil record scientists have determined that the earth has experienced very different climates in the past. In fact, general climactic conditions, as well as existing species, are used to define distinct geologic time periods in earth's history. For example, periodic warming of the earth - during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods - created a profusion of plant and animal life that left behind generous organic materials from their decay. These layers of organic material built up over millions of years undisturbed. They were eventually covered by younger, overlying sediment and compressed, giving us fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas.
Alternately, the earth's climate has also experienced periods of extremely cold weather for such prolonged periods that much of the surface was covered in thick sheets of ice. These periods of geologic time are called ice ages and the earth has had several in its history. Entire species of warmer-climate species died out during these time periods, giving rise to entirely new species of living things which could tolerate and survive in the extremely cold climate. Believe it or not, humans were around during the last ice age - the Holocene (about 11,500 years ago) - and we managed to survive. Creatures like the Woolly Mammoth - a distant relative of modern-day elephants - did not.
Read about a really exciting recent find of a perfectly-preserved, frozen Woolly Mammoth! This was a particularly exciting find because it wasn't a fossil that scientists found, but actual tissue, which still has its DNA record intact.
Also, read more about the Ice Man - another frozen tissue sample of a human being who was frozen into the high mountains of France. He was just recently discovered as thousands of years of ice pack have finally melted from around his body.

Seven reasons the world will end in 2012 - Proven scientifically

2008-09-25T19:59:00.000-07:00

Seven reasons the world will end in 2012 - Proven SCIENTIFICALLY

Scientific experts from around the world are genuinely predicting that five years from now, all life on Earth could well finish. Some are saying it’ll be humans that set it off. Others believe that a natural phenomenon will be the cause. And the religious folks are saying it’ll be God himself who presses the stop button…

1. Mayan Calendar:

The first mob to predict 2012 as the end of the world were the Mayans, a bloodthirsty race that were good at two things:
Building highly accurate astrological equipment out of stone andSacrificing Virgins.
Thousands of years ago they managed to calculate the length of the lunar moon as 329.53020 days, only 34 seconds out. The Mayan calendar predicts that the Earth will end on December 21, 2012. Given that they were pretty close to the mark with the lunar cycle, it’s likely they’ve got the end of the world right as well.

2. Sun Storms:

Solar experts from around the world monitoring the sun have made a startling discovery: our sun is in a bit of strife. The energy output of the sun is, like most things in nature, cyclic, and it’s supposed to be in the middle of a period of relative stability. However, recent solar storms have been bombarding the Earth with so much radiation energy, it’s been knocking out power grids and destroying satellites. This activity is predicted to get worse, and calculations suggest it’ll reach its deadly peak sometime in 2012

3. The Atom Smasher:

Scientists in Europe have been building the world’s largest particle accelerator. Basically its a 27km tunnel designed to smash atoms together to find out what makes the Universe tick. However, the mega-gadget has caused serious concern, with some scientists suggesting that it’s properly even a bad idea to turn it on in the first place. They’re predicting all manner of deadly results, including mini black holes. So when this machine is fired up for its first serious experiment in 2012, the world could be crushed into a super-dense blob the size of a basketball.
4. The Bible says…

If having scientists warning us about the end of the world isn’t bad enough,religious folks are getting in on the act aswell. Interpretations of the Christian Bible reveal that the date for Armageddon, the final battle between Good an Evil, has been set down for 2012. The I Ching, also known as the Chinese book of Changes, says the same thing, as do various sections of the Hindu teachings.

5. Super Volcano:

Yellowstone National Park in the United States is famous for its thermal springs and Old Faithful geyser. The reason for this is simple - it’s sitting on top of the world’s biggest volcano, and geological experts are beginning to get nervous sweats. The Yellowstone volcano has a pattern of erupting every 650,000 years or so, and we’re many years overdue for an explosion that will fill the atmosphere with ash, blocking the sun and plunging the Earth into a frozen winter that could last up to 15,000 years. The pressure under the Yellowstone is building steadily, and geologists have set 2012 as a likely date for the big bang.

6. The Physicists

This one’s case of bog-simple maths mathematics. Physicists at Berekely Uni have been crunching the numbers. and they’ve determined that the Earth is well overdue for a major catastrophic event. Even worse, they’re claiming their calculations prove, that we’re all going to die, very soon - while also saying their prediction comes with a certainty of 99 percent- and 2012 just happens to be the best guess as to when it occurs.

7. Slip-Slop-Slap-BANG!

We all know the Earth is surrounded by a magnetic field that sheilds us from most of the sun’s radiation. What you might not know is that the magnetic poles we call north and south have a nasty habit of swapping places every 750,000 years or so - and right now we’re about 30,000 years overdue. Scientists have noted that the poles are drifting apart roughly 20-30kms each year, much faster than ever before, which points to a pole-shift being right around the corner. While the pole shift is underway, the magnetic field is disrupted and will eventually disappear, sometimes for up to 100 years.

The result is enough UV outdoors to crisp your skin in seconds, killing everything it touches.